MIH548 - Theory Based Research - Mod 1 Case Assignment Essay

MIH548 - Theory Based Research - Mod 1 Case Assignment - Essay Example This is principally arrived at through deductive and inductive logic and parsimony within the limits and domains of science and related rational presuppositions. It is to be remembered that experiments and observations generate data, and in some point there would be a need for interaction between data and theory, which leads the methodology beyond the realm of deductive rationality to collection of data and their interpretation in such a manner that the whole affair can be replicated (Wilson 1952). John Snow is famous as an epidemiologist who first demonstrated conclusively that cholera is actually caused by microorganisms, and he deductively established that these organisms affect the human beings through transmission by food or water. His epidemiologic work is now considered as the classic reference of modern epidemiology and has been termed by Frost to be a â€Å"nearly perfect model† (Morabia 2001). Snow’s work on cholera epidemic in London would not have been possible without the scientific disease surveillance methodologies enacted by Farr, which indicated the importance of water supply in South London. Based on the data collected by Farr, Snow could reach a conclusion about the causation of cholera epidemics in London. Based on the distribution of mortality data from cholera, it was possible for him to locate the households that were getting comparatively cleaner water and hence lesser incidence of the disease and related death rates (Morabia 2001). The necessity of a controlled experiment in order to implicate the water supply in the London cholera epidemic in 1848-1849 was understood by both, but Snow got an intellectual leap from the data collected by Farr, through the simple method of grouping the households based on a definition of exposure to the causative agent. Despite the thought of controlled experiment

Representations of Space in Art Movements

Representations of Space in Art Movements Spatial representation is a complex subject involving the scientific technique of perspective and incorporating different periods of art. Discussion of this topic allows for an analysis of both the random and deliberate forms of spatial representation, the ever-changing artistic conventions underlying this representation, and an examination of artists who have challenged this technique. Representation, defined as, the description or portrayal of [†¦] something in a particular way is utilised by artists to produce works that resemble, to varying degrees, their chosen subject. The techniques of spatial representation can be seen in a large number of artworks, such as sculpture, painting, photography, and collage. Composition, defined as, the artists method [†¦] of deciding what to put in and what to leave out in order to make an effective picture remains the most prevalent of these techniques. Both horizontal and vertical forms of composition provide the artist with a powerful means of communication with the spectator. Size is also important in spatial representation and is exemplified in Duccio di Buoninsegnas The Rucellai Madonna , where [†¦] la superposition ou lalignement des figures correspondent à   un ordre hià ©rarchique. Evidently, the more important figure was depicted as larger in early works of art. The varying scale of characters was used as an attempt at perspective. It has been said that the effect of space in a painting is [†¦] the creation of the illusion of three dimensions on a flat surface. Linear perspective, or single-point perspective, [†¦]was adopted as the standard way of representing spaceand works on the principle of orthogonal lines converging to a vanishing point'(see note 5 above), giving the illusion of depth, and thus three dimensions to a painting. Linear perspective was challenged by aerial perspective which utilises the principle of fading shades of colour and the increasing use of blue as the distance from the viewer increases. Aerial perspective can be observed in Turners Lake at Brienz, which uses colour to portray misty distances. La perspective tordue is another technique where le bison est reprà ©sentà © le corps de profil ou les cornes de face [†¦] qui rà ©unit deux points de vue, deux perceptions dans une seule et mà ªme figure . Although perspective remains an important tool, the interior and exterior representation of space needs consideration. In their works, artists can choose how much of the subject they wish to expose to the viewer. The utilisation of interior and exterior space can be seen in Vincent Van Goghs painting, La Chambre à   Arles (1888). Here, Van Gogh has painted a window, leading the viewers eye to the outside world. However, the viewers only connection with the outside world is through a picture of a landscape on the wall of the bedroom. It is also interesting to note the unusual use of the laws of perspective; there is no single vanishing point. Random spatial representation has long been a debatable subject. Frank Stella said, in 1986, the aim of art is to create space [†¦] that is not compromised by decoration or illustration, space within which the subjects of the painting can live. This quotation implies that space is represented in a very deliberate manner. However, the works of John Pollock were often said to represent space randomly as they appeared to have no degree of order to the viewer. It is also argued that when an artist chooses to create and represent space in an image, it creates another random space as a result. Although sculpture accommodates differing viewpoints, space can be represented randomly. For example, The Large Head, by Naum Gabo creates the illusion of a solid structure when viewed head on. However, when viewed from the side, space is represented differently, with the sheets of metal forming a random structure. Whilst a completely random representation of a space is rare, and it has been said that tout point de vue est un choix signifiant: il correspond à   une intention, implying that no art can ever be random, artists have often embraced the technique of Apparent Randomness. This technique is seen in Picassos Guernica and involves the artist deliberately positioning certain objects to create the illusion of randomness. Jackson Pollocks Abstract Expressionist painting, Autumn Rhythm, highlights the chaotic atmosphere which led to an assumption of randomness. Due to the disorderly pattern, the public felt that Pollocks spatial representation was far from deliberate. However, a close analysis revealed an underlying pattern. This technique is also shown in Jean Miros, The Dialogue of Insects, further emphasising how artists represent space deliberately. A further artistic movement which utilises the apparently random positioning of objects is Cubism. Pioneered by Picasso and Braque, Cubism was concerned with the deliberate interaction between geometrical shapes to create planes and lines of vision. Despite its random appearance, each shape was specifically placed. Picasso also developed the technique of collage. Collage is perhaps one of the most interesting examples of how artists choose to represent space. It is quite possible that the random appearance of a collage may have been created by an equally random procedure. However, some thought and calculation is often evident. This can be seen in Raoul Hausmanns, A.D.C.D, where different objects of different materials have been layered on top of one another in a precise manner. It is clear from the lines of an art work that some sense of order is displayed. Pierre Renoirs The Umbrellas shows how the use of repeated circles has created order within the crowd of people depicted. Line also gives rise to perspective. Alexander Rodchenkos Jeune fille au Leica demonstrates linear perspective, using the lines of shadows to lead the viewer to the vanishing point. Line and perspective are key examples of how artists represent space in a deliberate manner. Photography appears to capture life randomly through a lens. However, when a photograph is taken, the photographer has to make very deliberate decisions about what he wants to depict. In Russell Lees, Les mains dune fermià ¨re de lIowa, we see only the hands and lower body of the subject. This is a very deliberate action on the part of the photographer. Photography also clearly demonstrates field of vision and the use of plongà ©e and contre-plongà ©e.The space being viewed is represented far differently when viewed from a different angle. Although this compositional technique can often appear to be random, artists often employ it to convey meaning. An illustration of the multiplicity of points of view can be seen in Holbeins, The Ambassadors. This technique is also known as anamorphosis. The placement of objects must be decided very carefully to illustrate the passage of time in art. In Eugene Atgets Angle de la rue des nonnains dHyeres et de LHotel de Ville, the winding market street descending into fog, and the blurred figures in the foreground have been purposely captured in their positions. Artists must always work within frames, deciding what will be captured or depicted within them and what will be left unseen. This process appears to be far from the ideals of randomness. The variety of artistic techniques used to represent space leads to the questioning of the deliberateness of an artists work. Despite certain random spatial elements within a painting, sculpture, or photograph, it is evident that artists attempt to represent their chosen subjects with accurate spatial representation or deliberate attempts to illustrate randomness with geometric techniques. One can conclude that spatial representation has been used in a variety of ways to create works that appear both random and deliberate. Word Count: 1499

Compiler Essay -- Computer Science Technology Essays

Compiler Compiler, in computer science, computer program that translates source code, instructions in a program written by a software engineer, into object code, those same instructions written in a language the computer's central processing unit (CPU) can read and interpret. Software engineers write source code using high level programming languages that people can understand. Computers cannot directly execute source code, but need a compiler to translate these instructions into a low level language called machine code. Compiler: How It Works Compilers collect and reorganize (compile) all the instructions in a given set of source code to produce object code. Object code is often the same as or similar to a computer's machine code. If the object code is the same as the machine language, the computer can run the program immediately after the compiler produces its translation. If the object code is not in machine language, other programs—such as assemblers, binders, linkers, and loaders—finish the translation. Most programming languages—such as C, C++, and Fortran—use compilers, but some—such as BASIC and LISP—use interpreters. An interpreter analyzes and executes each line of source code one-by-one. Interpreters produce initial results faster than compilers, but the source code must be re-interpreted with every use and interpreted languages are usually not as sophisticated as compiled languages. Most computer languages use different versions of compilers for different types of computers or operating systems; so one language may have different compilers for personal computers (PC) and Apple Macintosh computers. Many different manufacturers often produce versions of the same programming language, so compilers for a language may vary between manufacturers. Consumer software programs are compiled and translated into machine language before they are sold. Some manufacturers provide source code, but usually only programmers find the source code useful. Thus programs bought off the shelf can be executed, but usually their source code cannot be read or modified. When executing (running), the compiler first parses (or analyzes) all of the language statements syntactically one after the other and then, in one or more successive stages or "passes", builds the output code, making sure that statements that refer to other statements are referred ... ... sequence comparison methods. GAMS -- a high-level modeling system for mathematical programming problems. DISGCL -- an interpreter language based on plotting library DISLIN. Glish (within AIPS++ system) -- a language/environment for data acquisition/analysis. Isaac -- scientific calculator and programming language. MAX -- Xbase compiler with integrated database engine. MetaCard -- a multimedia authoring tool and GUI development environment. MSDL -- a scene description language for graphics research. Nickle -- a desk calculator language with powerful programming and scripting capabilities. PerlDL -- turn perl into an array-oriented, numerical language. ProvideX -- an object-oriented, business basic development environment. RLaB -- matrix oriented, interactive programming environment. S-Lang -- an interpreted language could be embedded into an extensible application. Soar -- a cognitive architectural framework and mode ls, and an AI programming language. ZPL -- a portable, high performance parallel programming language for computations. References www.programmersheaven.com www.compiler.net www.msn.encarta.com www.webopedia.com

Cinderella Not a Love Story Essay

A very common fairy tale that we have grown up hearing is the story of Cinderella, a poor girl whose dreams of marrying a prince and living happily ever after, finally comes true after many years of wishing upon a star. Individual writers of the â€Å"Cinderella† story may alter the story, but the general concept is always the same. This classic story has been told to millions of children and is known as a great romance. A romance is supposed to have suspense, anticipation, and a deep connection between the two characters that have and/or are falling in love with each other, and Cinderella is none of those. â€Å"Cinderella† is a great rags to riches story, but it is far from a romance. Cinderella is a 17 to 22 year old girl that suffers from an abusive home life. The abuse Cinderella suffers from is mainly verbal; however, some things in the story could defiantly be considered physical abuse. The abusive is inflicted by her two step-sisters and her step-mother. Since Cinderella’s mother died when she was a small child it is assumed that she looks to her step-mother for approval the way young girls look to their mother for approval. Depending on the version of â€Å"Cinderella† you read her father is either dead, or he is a spineless man who does not protect her from her step-mother and step-sisters. Do to the abusive living environment, Cinderella is looking for a way out, like any young girl would be, that is required to do all the house hold chores and is treated poorly. When Cinderella hears about the ball she wants to go, but deep inside her she knows that she will not be allowed. In Charles Perrault’s â€Å"Cinderillon† a fairy godm other appears, that helps Cinderella in going to the ball. Cinderella knows that if she makes a good impression on the prince that he may want to marry her, which would give her a way to escape her horrible living environment. In Perrault’s and may other version of â€Å"Cinderella† the prince and Cinderella dance until midnight they do not engage in any conversation nor do they kiss. They only simple of affection here is that the prince does not allow anyone to cut in there dancing. When the clock sticks midnight Cinderella leaves quickly because all the fairy godmothers magic is about to wear off. Cinderella accidently leaves behind a glass slipper. If Cinderella didn’t lose the glass slipper the story would be over. That does not show true love. The prince vows to marry the women the glass slipper fits. It’s hard to believe that in the whole kingdom that the slipper wouldn’t fit anyone else. A few things to think about here are what would have happened if the slipper did fit another and what if the slipper was not left. It is hard to believe that the prince loves Cinderella if he cannot recognize her without the glass slipper fitting her foot. In modern day that would be like saying that one’s husband cannot recognize her without her makeup on. If you love someone to the point that you want to share your life entire life with them then you should be able to recognize them regardless of minor changes such as dressed-up or just done rolling in the dirt.

Comparing Two Poems

Monday, 27 September 2010 Compare the similarities and differences between two Ballads, Charlotte Dymond and John Lomas. Charlotte Dymond and John Lomas, are two poems which share several techniques. They also, however are different in many ways. This essay will explore their similarities and their differences and explain reasons why the two ballads are different or similar. For example, both poems have a theme of murder. Ballads normally have a sad or shocking story, so this is very common. In both poems the murderer is always hanged after murdering another person. In Charlotte Dymond, the murderer is her lover.In John Lomas, the murderer is John Lomas. The murder controls the ballads and there is no point in the ballads which are happy, this means that the ballads can be quite depressing because they are so sad. John Lomas is quite sad because the murderer John Lomas is telling the story with a great amount of regret. In both poems a razor is used to kill the victim. Razors come ou t of a small wooden holder, so it would be easy to hide at your wrist, or like in Charlotte Dymond, Matthew had the razor ‘waiting at his wrist’. A difference between the two poems would be; in Charlotte Dymond the writer uses a range of different languages.For example, similes are used a lot, like in stanza fourteen there are two similes, they are; her skin was soft as sable, and her eyes were wide as day. Whereas in John Lomas, there is only one simile in the whole ballad, that simile is; my conscience did like fuel burn. That simile is in stanza nine. In comparison Charlotte Dymond has four similes and John Lomas has one. Similes are when you say something is like another thing or when someone says some as so for example the tree was like a wall, or the journey was as long as a mountain.The writer could of not wanted more similes in John Lomas because maybe he didn’t want things to be referred to as something else. Another difference is that in Charlotte Dymon d the writer uses lots of alliteration, they use alliteration twelve times in the whole poem an example would be; why do you sit so sadly, your face the colour of clay, and with a green gauze handkerchief, wipe the sour sweat away? That is actually the whole of stanza eleven. In contrast to in John Lomas, where there is only one line of alliteration. This line is in stanza nine and it is; my crime was of so deep a dye.This is quite a significant difference. Some people think that alliteration is when two or more words in a sentence, line have the same starting letters. But it’s not that simple, the words have to have the same sound to go with the same letters. The writer may not have wanted alliteration because he thought that it was hard to find two words with the same letter and sound. A similarity between Charlotte Dymond and John Lomas is both poems have four line stanzas. The number of stanzas is different John Lomas having fourteen stanzas and Charlotte Dymond having tw enty three stanzas.This is important to know, because generally four line stanzas is a usual number of lines, but you can get stanzas with more than four lines. Having more stanzas increases the space for a range of language, and it also increases the space to describe the story in more detail. Maybe the writes had a list of key points during writing the ballad which were the key points of the story and they decided that the list was finished after fourteen or twenty three stanzas, maybe the writer couldn’t add any more detail to the stanzas without making the rhyme scheme change or the amount of stanzas change.If these two things were to happen it would mean that the rhythm would ‘go out the window’ because it would no longer work as it did before. A difference between the two poems is that Charlotte Dymond uses metaphors for example; her cheeks were made of honey and; her throat was made of flame. Whereas in John Lomas there are no metaphors in the whole ballad . This may be because the ballad only has fourteen stanzas and the poet could not fit any metaphors in or it could be because, he chose not to put any metaphors in the poem.A metaphor is when you say something is something for example ‘my dog is a great big ball of fluff’ in this I am saying that my dog is actually a great ball of fluff not as or like when you use a simile but he is a ‘great big ball of fluff’ this is very direct and as though the writer is actually talking to you as a reader if the writer is talking in third person like in Charlotte Dymond so the writer may not want to write something so direct.Whereas in John Lomas the writer is talking about when he killed the victim and so he might want to be direct when he is talking to the reader. Another difference between the two poems is that in Charlotte Dymond the poet writes in third person as in talking about something happening in this case the murder of Charlotte Dymond. This means that the m urder could be changed to fit the criteria of what the murderers friend or the victims friend.This means that the poem could have been changed to fit what the writer wanted for example the writer might be the murderer’s friend, so he might want to make the murder not seem as bad as it actually was. Or the person might be the victim’s friend so they want to make the murderer look as bad as possible. Whereas in John Lomas the writer is actually the murderer. He is talking about the murder whilst he is in prison waiting to be hung. This means that his mind might be somewhere else which might be the reason that there is not a lot of detailed description.But that might not be the only reason that there isn’t a lot of description because the ballads were written in the eighteen hundreds, then it might have been more important to have a regular rhythm and rhyme scheme than to have extremely detailed stanzas. I think that I prefer Charlotte Dymond to John Lomas because I like the way it is more detailed, and I prefer the ballad being in third person, and the way the poem has a lot of similes and metaphors and alliteration.

Free Essays on Vocational Education

Since the early 1990's vocational education and training in schools has become progressively established and now accounts for a significant number of Year 11 and 12 students. While most of the effort has been in developing programs that fit within the curriculum and assessment framework provided by State Boards of Study and Accrediting Agencies, a new direction has been fostered by the policy initiative of the Commonwealth under the New Apprenticeships banner. At the heart of this is the notion of accredited, part-time, paid training being undertaken during the final years of senior schooling. This has generated both skepticism and approval, has in some ways re-ignited the debate over general versus vocational education, and might inexorably be changing the face of post-compulsory education. The rationale for extending traineeships and apprenticeships into senior schooling revolves around improving the access of young people to training and employment. Against a national decline in the uptake of apprenticeships and traineeships for 15-19 year olds to 55% in 1996 (see MacDonald 1998, p 29), and a significant decline in employment opportunities for the same cohort, the New Apprenticeships policy initiative seeks to both expand the number of places and to increase the range of industries offering training. By making the system less complex, it is expected that New Apprenticeships will be better understood and hence be more likely to be used by industry. By making entry-level training available as part of senior schooling, it is anticipated that training and employment opportunities will be increased, school-based learning will be more attuned to industry needs and industry will better understand the potential benefits of working with them. Despite extensive marketing of New Apprenticeships the uptake, in terms of numbers of current senior secondary students engaged in school-based or part-time programs is comparatively low. It is estimat... Free Essays on Vocational Education Free Essays on Vocational Education Since the early 1990's vocational education and training in schools has become progressively established and now accounts for a significant number of Year 11 and 12 students. While most of the effort has been in developing programs that fit within the curriculum and assessment framework provided by State Boards of Study and Accrediting Agencies, a new direction has been fostered by the policy initiative of the Commonwealth under the New Apprenticeships banner. At the heart of this is the notion of accredited, part-time, paid training being undertaken during the final years of senior schooling. This has generated both skepticism and approval, has in some ways re-ignited the debate over general versus vocational education, and might inexorably be changing the face of post-compulsory education. The rationale for extending traineeships and apprenticeships into senior schooling revolves around improving the access of young people to training and employment. Against a national decline in the uptake of apprenticeships and traineeships for 15-19 year olds to 55% in 1996 (see MacDonald 1998, p 29), and a significant decline in employment opportunities for the same cohort, the New Apprenticeships policy initiative seeks to both expand the number of places and to increase the range of industries offering training. By making the system less complex, it is expected that New Apprenticeships will be better understood and hence be more likely to be used by industry. By making entry-level training available as part of senior schooling, it is anticipated that training and employment opportunities will be increased, school-based learning will be more attuned to industry needs and industry will better understand the potential benefits of working with them. Despite extensive marketing of New Apprenticeships the uptake, in terms of numbers of current senior secondary students engaged in school-based or part-time programs is comparatively low. It is estimat...

A Federalist Government essays

A Federalist Government essays The Constitution guarantees a federalist government by stating in the tenth amendment that ,The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or the people. The framers did this to prevent a single person, or group of people to gain too much power. One example of the Federal system at work is that the state of North Dakota does not require voters to register in order to cast their votes. While other states choose to require their voters to register. While Federalism allows state governments to handle their local issues, the National government can deal with issues of defense and foreign affairs. If a certain state were to need help, the Federal governments resources, and other states may be joined together to help the state in need. The supreme court has the authority to change laws in both statutory law and in administrative law, as well. This authority lies in the judicial review. Judicial review was first adopted in MARBURY v. MADISON. It is what guards against a tyrannical government, which might enact, laws which could strip us of individual rights and personal freedoms, guaranteed to us in our Constitution. One example is BUSH, George W. v. PALM BEACH CUNTY CANVASSING BOARD, ET AL. The question was Whether post-election judicial limitations on the discretion granted by the legislature to state executive officials to certify election results, and/or post-election judicially created standards for the determination of controversies concerning the appointment of presidential electors, violate the Due Process Clause or 3 U.S.C. s 5, which requires that a State resolve controversies relating to the appointment of electors under "laws enacted prior to" election day. The United States Constitution (Article IV: Section 1.) ...

Why Cultural Appropriation Is Wrong

Why Cultural Appropriation Is Wrong Cultural appropriation is the adoption of certain elements from another culture without the consent of people who belong to that culture. Its a controversial topic, one that activists and celebrities like Adrienne Keene and Jesse Williams have helped bring into the national spotlight. However, much of the public remains confused about what the term actually means.   People from hundreds of different ethnicities make up the U.S. population, so it’s not surprising that cultural groups rub off on each other at times. Americans who grow up in diverse communities may pick up the dialect, customs, and religious traditions of the cultural groups that surround them. Cultural appropriation is an entirely different matter. It has little to do with one’s exposure to and familiarity with different cultures. Instead, cultural appropriation typically involves members of a dominant group exploiting the culture of less privileged groups. Quite often, this is done along racial and ethnic lines with little understanding of the latter’s history, experience, and traditions. Defining Cultural Appropriation In order to understand cultural appropriation, we must first look at the two words that make up the term. Culture is defined as the beliefs, ideas, traditions, speech, and material objects associated with a particular group of people. Appropriation is the illegal, unfair, or unjust taking of something that doesnt belong to you. Susan Scafidi, a law professor at Fordham University, told Jezebel  that it’s difficult to give a concise explanation of cultural appropriation. The author of  Who Owns Culture? Appropriation and Authenticity in American Law, defined cultural appropriation as follows: â€Å"Taking intellectual property, traditional knowledge, cultural expressions, or artifacts from someone elses culture without permission. This can include unauthorized use of another cultures dance, dress, music, language, folklore, cuisine, traditional medicine, religious symbols, etc. Its most likely to be harmful when the source community is a ​In the United States, cultural appropriation almost always involves members of the dominant culture (or those who identify with it) â€Å"borrowing† from the cultures of minority groups.   African Americans, Asian Americans, Native Americans, and indigenous peoples generally tend to emerge as the groups targeted for cultural appropriation. Black music and dance, Native American fashions, decoration, and cultural symbols, and Asian martial arts and dress have all fallen prey to cultural appropriation. â€Å"Borrowing† is a key component of cultural appropriation and there are many examples in recent American history. In essence, however, it can be traced back to the racial beliefs of early America; an era when many whites saw people of color as less than human. Society has moved beyond those gross injustices, for the most part. And yet, insensitivity to the historical and current sufferings of others remains apparent today. Appropriation in Music In the 1950s, white musicians borrowed the musical stylings of their black counterparts. Because African Americans weren’t widely accepted in U.S. society at that time, record executives chose to have white artists replicate the sound of black musicians. The result is that music like rock-n-roll is largely associated with whites and its black pioneers are often forgotten. In the early 21st century, cultural appropriation remains a concern. Musicians such as  Madonna, Gwen Stefani, and Miley Cyrus  have all been accused of cultural appropriation. Madonnas famous voguing began in black and Latino sectors of the gay community. Gwen Stefani faced criticism for her fixation on Harajuku culture from Japan. In 2013, Miley Cyrus became the pop star most associated with cultural appropriation. During recorded and live performances, the former child star began to twerk, a dance style with roots in the African American community.   Miley Cyrus and Robin Thicke perform during the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards. Theo Wargo/Getty Images Appropriation of Native Cultures Native American fashion, art, and rituals have also been appropriated into mainstream culture. Their fashion has been reproduced and sold for profit and their rituals are often adopted by eclectic religious and spiritual practitioners. A well-known case involves the sweat lodge retreats of James Arthur Ray. In 2009, three people died during one of his adopted sweat lodge ceremonies in Sedona, Arizona. This prompted the elders of Native American tribes to speak out against this practice because these plastic shamans have not been properly trained. Covering the lodge with plastic tarps was just one of Rays mistakes and he was later sued for impersonation. Similarly, in Australia, there was a period during which it was common for Aboriginal art to be copied by non-Aboriginal artists, often marketed and sold as authentic. This led to a renewed movement to authenticate Aboriginal products. Cultural Appropriation Takes Many Forms Buddhist tattoos, Muslim-inspired headdresses as fashion, and white gay men adopting the dialect of black women are other examples of cultural appropriation that are often called out. The examples are nearly endless and context is often key. For example, was the tattoo done in reverence or because its cool? Would a Muslim man wearing  the  keffiyeh  be considered a terrorist for that simple fact? At the same time, if a white man wears it, is it a fashion statement? Why Cultural Appropriation Is a Problem Cultural appropriation remains a concern for a variety of reasons. For one, this sort of â€Å"borrowing† is exploitative because it robs minority groups of the credit they deserve. Art and music forms that originated with minority groups come to be associated with members of the dominant group. As a result, the dominant group is deemed innovative and edgy. At the same time, the disadvantaged groups they â€Å"borrow† from continue to face negative stereotypes that imply they’re lacking in intelligence and creativity.   When singer Katy Perry performed as a geisha at the American Music Awards in 2013, she described it as an homage to Asian culture. Asian Americans disagreed with this assessment, declaring her performance â€Å"yellowface.† They also found issue with the song choice, Unconditionally, alongside a stereotype of passive Asian women. The question of whether it is a homage or an insult is at the core of cultural appropriation. What one person perceives as a tribute, people of that group may perceive as disrespectful. Its a fine line and one that must be carefully considered. How to Avoid Cultural Appropriation Every individual has choices to make when it comes to sensitivity toward others. As a member of the majority, someone may not be able to recognize a harmful appropriation unless its pointed out. This requires awareness of why youre buying or doing something that represents another culture. The intention is at the heart of the matter, so its important to ask yourself a series of questions. Why are you borrowing this? Is it out of a genuine interest? Is it something you feel called to do? Or, does it simply look appealing and youre following the trends?What is the source? For material items such as artwork, was it made by someone from that culture? What does this item mean to them?How respectful is this to the culture? What would someone from that group feel about it? Genuine interest in other cultures is not to be discounted. The sharing of ideas, traditions, and material items is what makes life interesting and helps diversify the world. It is the intention that remains most important and something everyone can remain conscious of as we learn from others.

Employment Law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Employment Law - Assignment Example There exist instances when such rules may be acceptable without being discriminative. An English-only rule may only apply under justification of business necessity. That means that the employer may only use such a rule in as far as the employee needs to communicate in English to operate efficiently and to ensure safety. According to the Equal employment opportunities Commission, EEOC, English-only rules are justifiable in limited instances. According to EEOC, some of these circumstances that warrant the application of such rules include; a paid speaking position where one is meant to continuously speak to and English speaking audience, when communicating with customers and fellow employees who only speak English, during emergencies where there is need for a common language to ensure safety, where a supervisor needs to monitor employee’s performance, and for cooperative assignments that require workers to speak a common language for efficiency (Rutherglen, 2007). An employer may be allowed to prohibit employees from using any other language apart from English when speaking to customers who speak only English. That would be to enhance communication with clients and ensure flawless business transactions. Also, the employer may require employees to speak English when addressing their colleagues who speak only English or who may not understand the language that such employees may be comfortable using (Rutherglen, 2007). During emergencies, there is need for there to be a common language that can be understood by all. That is to ensure safety for everyone. That also includes those working on or operating machinery, chemicals or items that may cause harm if not handled with care. In such circumstances, the employer may apply English-only rules as they would help safeguard everyone’s safety. For cooperative duty that requires employees to work in teams, English-only rules may come into application especially if some

People and organization management- leadership Essay

People and organization management- leadership - Essay Example The transactional leadership approach â€Å"works through creating clear structures whereby it is clear what is required of their subordinates, and the rewards that they get for following orders† ("Changing Minds"). This theory focuses on the interaction between the leaders and Subordinates.   It is rely on the concept that a leader’s role is to let his followers to know clearly what he expect from them, this theory uses the rewards and punishments approaches for getting these prospects.   8 The servant leadership model is one of the less mainstream leadership models. This theory believes that leaders have to put the interest of followers, customers, and the society ahead of their own benefit to get the success (Stevens 2003). The principle of this theory has a huge amount of recognition within leadership circles and it is described as a set of beliefs and morals that leaders are willing to embrace them. 8 There are many benefits of democratic leadership. By adopting this style of leadership better ideas and more creative solutions for the problems can take place. Group members also feel more touched by the higher management, involved and devoted to projects, all these making them more likely to care about the end outcome. Researches show that democratic style has a result to elevated productivity among group members. Empirical studies have even indicated that individuals with high self-esteem prefer democratic leadership models (Schoel, Bluemke, et al. 2011) Still, there are also downsides of democratic leadership. Even if this style has been described as the most successful and effective leadership style, it has a few downsides. In cases where roles are undefined and unclear or time is essential democratic leadership can lead to communication failures and incomplete tasks. In some situation, group members may not have the appropriate knowledge or skill to make quality contributions to the decision-making process. 14 In the modern world one often hears about

Motivation and Concept Table & Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Motivation and Concept Table & Paper - Essay Example Therefore, each employee aims to provide the best service possible in order to reach the goal of guest satisfaction. In the hotel industry, cognitive motivational theory through goal-setting provides the operational framework in which the employees approach their work. In creating a successful atmosphere within a hotel, cognitive motivational theory has a significant use in creating the appropriate structure in which to help motivate the employees of the hotel to excel in their positions. An important part of cognitive motivational theory is goal-setting in which the employee sets standards and goals for themselves in order to meet a standard that is more than satisfactory for their guests. According to Bandura (2007), â€Å"By making self-satisfaction conditional on matching the standard, people give direction to their actions and create self-incentives to persist in their efforts until their performances match their goals† (p. 128). The goals of the hotel staff are to create a satisfactory experience for the guests. In order to do this effectively, setting personal standards and levels of service that is above the standard will create a better experience for the guests and a sense of satisfaction for the employees. Usually, the front desk manages the calls from guests who have requests and complaints. Sometimes a large hotel will have a phone center to field calls, but most often in an average through small size hotel it is the front desk who manages these calls. Job satisfaction through goal setting within cognitive based motivation occurs as an employee is able to achieve excellent service for the guest. The front desk is the front line between the operation of the hotel and the multiple departments that must accomplish their goals and missions in order to create guest satisfaction. One way in which management may reinforce goal-setting motivation will be

Eu law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Eu law - Essay Example These rights include the right of residence and to remain, as long as this does not prove to be a financial burden for the host Member State. As a result, Member States can limit the free movement of workers, due to public policy limitations. Some of these limitations are grounds of public health and public security. All the same, procedural requirements have to be complied with, during the imposition of such restrictions.2 In the Bidar case,3 the European Court of Justice (ECJ) ruled that Bidar who had been resident in the UK, during the pursuit of his secondary education had established adequate relationship with the society of the host Member State. This relationship was held to be sufficient for rendering Bidar eligible for a maintenance grant from the UK.4 Similarly, in our problem, Marie had competed two years of her International Baccalaureate and had thereafter applied for the LLB. Marie will be eligible for a maintenance grant from the UK. This is due to the fact that she had been residing in the UK for sufficient time, during her pursuit of the International Baccalaureate studies, to establish sufficient link with the UK. As a national of the EU, an individual is entitled to seek employment in another Member State of the EU. In addition, such individuals are entitled to the same assistance from national employment offices as the host Member State’s nationals. Moreover, such individuals can stay in the host Member State for the time required to seek work, apply for employment and be recruited. No seekers of jobs can be expelled, if they establish that they are continuing to seek employment and have reasonable opportunity to obtain a job. 5 In our problem, Raimon is seeking a job in the UK. The EU principle of free movement of workers permits any national of a Member State of the EU to seek employment in any other Member State of the EU. Thus, Raimon, despite being a Spaniard can seek employment

Usefulness of Kants example of the promise in Contemporary Society Essay

Usefulness of Kants example of the promise in Contemporary Society - Essay Example This is the bases on which Immanuel Kant lays his theory of categorical imperative, which argues that all the people need to put into consideration that a person has the understanding of what it means to say â€Å"I must† as a promise. Through this theory, people are able to make proper distinctions between the different things, which happen in the world because of their understanding of their responsibilities towards each other. Kant argues that the categorical imperative requires a person to know their specific duties in a situation and follow them to accomplish their promises they made. In this respect, he exemplifies all the demands of making promises, which require the person who give them to bear all the responsibilities of fulfilling them according to what they said. In using the categorical imperative, Kant explains how a person can promise to fulfil a promise, which they know they will not fulfil because the basic maxim of a promise is that everyone who promises has to fulfil his or her duty. Arguing like this, it explains why people will not predict that a person is lying to them in making a promise they are not committed to fulfil but which other people think they will honour. This philosophy of Kant was relevant in the past and remains relevant in the contemporary world where people have different engagement to assure others that they will fulfil something and end up not doing it. According to Kant, the issues people have in their minds and which they do normally, form an important part of their explanations to different other things because they get some experience in them. Through these experiences of the mind, individuals form special expectations, which are the outcomes of different things they do in their lives and which other people exploit for their good or for their bad. In this respect, people are caught up in ethical issues, which require them to determine the various things according to the expectations of the society, deviation from which causes a person to be rendered immoral. The things that a person is expected to do in specific situation can be his or her duty and he or she is bound to fulfil it within the stipulated time according to the predetermined social requirement. According to some critics of the theory, there is no clear definition of whether the duty to keep a promise in a situation will be categorized as an ethical, in which a person can do it because they are convinced that it is the best thing to do or legal, where he or she fulfil the promises they have made in fear of the outcome of failure (Byrd and Hruschka, 2006, p49-50). According to Kant, a person bears a duty to talk the truth at the time of making a promise to other people and failure to fulfil them pre-exposes them to lying, which is unethical. This means that according to him, talking the truth in the context of making a promise is ethical and on the other hand, lying in the same context makes a person unethical. He argues that lying violates the duty one h as on himself or herself and therefore, ethical and can only be termed legal if it violates the right of another person who is affected by the lying of the people. For this reason, people who violate the duty of keeping a promise are termed unethical and lacking in moral values, which are unspoken rules that a person holds on himself or herself. Kant discredits lying as a legal duty arguing that all the people have their freedom to say whatever they can say regardless of the different implications they have on the other people in the

Dostoevsky crime and punishment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Dostoevsky crime and punishment - Essay Example The wise saying goes—howsoever powerful may be the waves of an ocean their real nature is mere water! Once the crime is committed, a series of thought-currents related to the incidents begin to tax the brains of the perpetrator of the crime. They challenge his decision. In the introduction to the book it is observed, â€Å"†¦.it is precisely from such an attempt to grapple with the moral implications of the social and cultural realities of the day that Dostoevsky produced a work whose timeliness increases rather than diminishes with the years.†(Introduction vi†¦) All murders are not calculated. Most of them are done at the time when one is seized with spontaneous anger and loses the mental equilibrium. As a consequence, the murderer has a life-time to regret. Even after undergoing the legal punishment for the heinous act committed, the trace of that action remains within the portal of the mind. For every murder, it is possible to detail the negative and positive consequences. The consequences of murdering a known criminal, the doer of many dastardly acts, can not be compared to the murder a Professor by a student, who failed him in the paper. Utilitarianism intervenes in such cases and makes an attempt to differentiate between right and wrong by measuring a decision based on its calculated worth. Having murdered the landlady, Raskolnikov tries to reason out the positive benefits that her money would do to the society. But this is just wishful thinking. Murder is a murder and the one who does not have the capacity to give life, has no right t o stifle out any life. The one who understands the concept of utilitarianism in its true spirit, would find it difficult to accept and will resent the claim of Raskolnikov that his action of murdering the old woman can be accepted as morally right. A performer of the action can not be the judge of the merits/demerits of that action. One can’t be the lawyer and the judge for the

Usefulness of Kants example of the promise in Contemporary Society Essay

Usefulness of Kants example of the promise in Contemporary Society - Essay Example This is the bases on which Immanuel Kant lays his theory of categorical imperative, which argues that all the people need to put into consideration that a person has the understanding of what it means to say â€Å"I must† as a promise. Through this theory, people are able to make proper distinctions between the different things, which happen in the world because of their understanding of their responsibilities towards each other. Kant argues that the categorical imperative requires a person to know their specific duties in a situation and follow them to accomplish their promises they made. In this respect, he exemplifies all the demands of making promises, which require the person who give them to bear all the responsibilities of fulfilling them according to what they said. In using the categorical imperative, Kant explains how a person can promise to fulfil a promise, which they know they will not fulfil because the basic maxim of a promise is that everyone who promises has to fulfil his or her duty. Arguing like this, it explains why people will not predict that a person is lying to them in making a promise they are not committed to fulfil but which other people think they will honour. This philosophy of Kant was relevant in the past and remains relevant in the contemporary world where people have different engagement to assure others that they will fulfil something and end up not doing it. According to Kant, the issues people have in their minds and which they do normally, form an important part of their explanations to different other things because they get some experience in them. Through these experiences of the mind, individuals form special expectations, which are the outcomes of different things they do in their lives and which other people exploit for their good or for their bad. In this respect, people are caught up in ethical issues, which require them to determine the various things according to the expectations of the society, deviation from which causes a person to be rendered immoral. The things that a person is expected to do in specific situation can be his or her duty and he or she is bound to fulfil it within the stipulated time according to the predetermined social requirement. According to some critics of the theory, there is no clear definition of whether the duty to keep a promise in a situation will be categorized as an ethical, in which a person can do it because they are convinced that it is the best thing to do or legal, where he or she fulfil the promises they have made in fear of the outcome of failure (Byrd and Hruschka, 2006, p49-50). According to Kant, a person bears a duty to talk the truth at the time of making a promise to other people and failure to fulfil them pre-exposes them to lying, which is unethical. This means that according to him, talking the truth in the context of making a promise is ethical and on the other hand, lying in the same context makes a person unethical. He argues that lying violates the duty one h as on himself or herself and therefore, ethical and can only be termed legal if it violates the right of another person who is affected by the lying of the people. For this reason, people who violate the duty of keeping a promise are termed unethical and lacking in moral values, which are unspoken rules that a person holds on himself or herself. Kant discredits lying as a legal duty arguing that all the people have their freedom to say whatever they can say regardless of the different implications they have on the other people in the

Individual vs. Society on Daisy Miller Research Proposal

Individual vs. Society on Daisy Miller - Research Proposal Example These traits are a stark contrast to the highly conventional, pretentious European society of old, making her the center of gossip and ill contempt. Even Winterbourne, who first found Daisy’s beauty attractive subsequently developed prejudice against her seemingly careless and wanton ways, although she really did nothing extraordinary that many young Americans are not doing today. In this story, the individual, a denizen of the new world, is unintentionally pitted against a decadent, prudish, traditional and old society as her course takes her into its midst. The conflict in Daisy Miller stems from the fact that the young female protagonist of the story is thrown into a culture and society distinct from her own. In the 1870s, the time when the story was written, Europe was an old decadent society steeped in traditions and conventions and America, especially New York where Daisy’s family originated, was a new, modern, coming-of-age nation. It was in this context that the young, modern American youth is thrown into as she travel as a tourist together with her mother, young brother and courier. Daisy Miller, which is said to be Henry James’ most well-known study of the ‘young feminine nature’, is described as a girl’s heedless rash indifference to the kind of decorum being observed in European civilized society. Although at first blush, her actions would seem to be one of the typical American traits of moral innocence, it turns out to be a want of discriminating judgment which tragically ended in her untime ly death (Berkovitch Cambridge University Press p. 163). Nonetheless, there was nothing terribly wrong in Daisy’s actuations from the modern-day perspective except perhaps the fact that she threw all caution to the wind when she went to the Colosseum in the middle of the night with her friend when the malaria epidemic was rampant. The matter with Daisy is that she personifies everything that is

Comparative Study of Advanced Classification Methods

Comparative Study of Advanced Classification Methods CHAPTER 7 TESTING AND RESULTS 7.0 Introduction to Software Testing Software testing is the process of executing a program or system with the intent of finding errors or termed as bugs or, it involves any activity aimed at evaluating an attribute or capability of programming system and determining that it meets its required results. Software bugs will almost always exist in any software module with moderate size: not because programmers are careless or irresponsible, but because the complexity of software is generally intractable and humans have only limited ability to manage complexity. It is also true that for any complex systems, design defects can never be completely ruled out. 7.2 Testing Process The basic goal of the software development process is to produce data that has no errors or very few errors. In an effort to detect errors soon after they are introduced, each phase ends with a verification activity such as review. However, most of these verification activities in the early phases of software development are based on human evaluation and cannot detect all errors. The testing process starts with a test plan. The test plan specifies all the test cases required. Then the test unit is executed with the test cases. Reports are produced and analyzed. When testing of some unit complete, these tested units can be combined with other untested modules to form new test units. Testing of any units involves the following: Plan test cases Execute test cases and Evaluate the result of the testing 7.3 Development of Test Cases A test case in software engineering is a set of conditions or variables under which a tester will determine whether an application or software system is correctly working or not. The mechanism for determining whether a software program or system has passed or failed such a test is known as a test oracle. Test Cases follow certain format, given as follows: Test case id: Every test case has an identifier uniquely associated with certain format. This id is used to track the test case in the system upon execution. Similar test case id is used in defining test script. Test case Description: Every test case has a description, which describes what functionality of software to be tested. Test Category: Test category defines business test case category like functional tests, negative test, accessibility test usually these are associated with test case id. Expected result and the actual result: These are implemented within respective API. As the testing is done for the web application, actual result will be available within the web page. Pass/fail: Result of the test case is either pass or fail. Validation occurs based on expected and actual result. If expected and actual results are same then test case passes or else failure occurs in test cases. 7.4 Testing of Application Software The various testing done on application software is as follows. Integration Testing 7.4.1 Integration Testing In this phase of software testing individual software modules are combined and tested as a group. The purpose of integration testing is to verify functional, performance and reliability requirements placed on major design items. These â€Å"design items†, i.e. assemblages (or unit group of units), are exercised through their interfaces using black box testing, success and error cases being simulated via appropriate parameter and data inputs. Simulated usage of shared data areas and inter process communication is tested and individual subsystems are exercised through their input interface. Test cases are constructed to test that all components within assemblages interact correctly, for example across procedure calls or process activations, and this is done after testing individual modules, i.e. unit testing. The overall idea is a â€Å"building block† approach, in which verified assemblages are added to a verified base which is then used to support the integration testing of further assemblages, In this approach, all or most of the developed modules are coupled together to form a complete software system or major part of the system and then used for integration testing. Integration testing is a systematic technique for constructing the program structure while at the same time conducting test to uncover errors associated with interfacing. The objective is to take unit-tested modules and build a program structure that has been dictated by design. The top-down approach to integration testing requires the highest-level modules be tested and integrated first. This allows high-level logic and data flow to be tested early in the process and it tends to minimize the need for drivers. The bottom-up approach requires the lowest-level units be tested and integrated first. These units are frequently referred to as utility modules. By using this approach, utility modules are tested early in the development process and the need for stubs is minimized. The third approach, sometimes referred to as the umbrella approach, requires testing along functional data and control-flow paths. First, the inputs for functions are integrated in the bottom-up pattern. 7.4.1.1 Test Cases for Support Vector Machine Support Vector Machine is tested for the attributes which fall only on positive side of hyperplane, attributes which fall only on negative side of hyperplane, attributes which fall on both positive and negative side of hyperplane and the attributes which fall on the hyperplane. The expected results match with the actual results. Table 7.1: Test Cases for Support Vector Machine 7.4.1.2 Test Cases for Naive Bayes Classifier Naive Bayes Classifier is tested for the attributes which belongs to only class ‘1’, attributes which belongs to only class ‘-1’, attributes which belongs to both class ‘1’ and class ‘-1’. The expected results match with the actual results. Table 7.2 Test Cases for Naive Bayes Classifier 7.5 Testing Results of Case Studies A particular example of something used or analyzed in order to depict a thesis or principle. It is a documented study of real life situation or of an imaginary scenario. 7.5.1 Problem Statement: Haberman Dataset Haberman data set contains cases from the University of Chicagos Billings Hospital on the survival of patients who had undergone surgery for breast cancer. The task is to determine if the patient survived 5 years or longer (positive) or if the patient died within 5 year (negative). @relation haberman @attribute Age integer [30, 83] @attribute Year integer [58, 69] @attribute Positive integer [0, 52] @attribute Survival {positive, negative} @inputs Age, Year, Positive @outputs Survival Training SetTest Set Weight vector and gamma w =0.09910.07750.2813 gamma = 0.3742 Predicted Class label of test set Confusion matrix of the classifier True Positive(TP)=8.000000False Negative(FN)=27.000000 False Positive(FP)=8.000000True Negative(TN)=110.000000 AUC of Classifier = 0.517792 Accuracy of classifier = 77.124183Error rate of classifier = 22.875817 F_score=31.372549Precision=50.0Recall=22.857143Specificity=93.220339 Confusion Matrix for SVM Fig 7.1: Bar chart of SVM for various Performance Metric Predicted Class Label of Naive Bayes Classifier True Positive(TP)=10.000000False Negative(FN)=25.000000 False Positive(FP)=11.000000True Negative(TN)=107.000000 AUC of Classifier = 0.5202 Accuracy of Classifier =76.4706Error Rate of Classifier = 23.5294 F_score=35.7143Precision=47.6191Recall=28.5714Specificity=90.678 Confusion Matrix for NBC Fig 7.2: Bar Chart of NBC for various Performance Metric Tab 7.3: Comparison of SVM and NBC for various Performance Metric Fig 7.3: Bar Chart for Comparison of SVM and NBC 7.5.2 Titanic Data set The titanic dataset gives the values of four attributes. The attributes are social class (first class, second class, third class, and crew member), age (adult or child), sex, and whether or not the person survived. @relation titanic @attribute Class real[-1.87,0.965] @attribute Age real[-0.228,4.38] @attribute Sex real[-1.92,0.521] @attribute Survived {-1.0,1.0} @inputs Class, Age, Sex @outputs Survived Training SetTest Set w = -0.10250.0431 -0.3983 gamma = 0.3141 Predicted Class label of test set confusion matrix of the classifier True Positive(TP)=154.000000False Negative(FN)=181.000000 False Positive(FP)=64.000000True Negative(TN)=701.000000 AUC of Classifier=0.426392 Accuracy of classifier in test set is=77.727273 Error rate of classifier in test set is=22.272727 F_score=55.696203precision=70.642202Recall=45.970149specificity=91.633987 Confusion Matrix for SVM Fig 7.4 Bar chart of SVM for various Performance Metric Predicted Class label of Naive Bayes Classifier True Positive(TP)=197.000000False Negative(FN)=138.000000 False Positive(FP)=148.000000True Negative(TN)=617.000000 AUC of Classifier = 0.4782 Accuracy of Classifier = 74Error Rate of Classifier = 26 F_Score = 57.9412Precision = 57.1015Recall = 58.806Specificity = 80.6536 Confusion Matrix for NBC Fig 7.5 Bar chart of NBC for various Performance Metric Tab 7.4: Comparison of SVM and NBC for various Performance Metric Fig 7.6 Bar Chart for Comparison of SVM and NBC Department of CSE, RNSIT2014-15Page 1

The 1960s :: American America History

The 1960s Mr. Basiuk is the person I chose for my interview. Rather than immigrating to Canada, Mr. Basiuk was born in Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, in 1936. He was educated in high school to the north end of Winnipeg at St. John's Technical High School. He spent two years altogether in grade 10 and 11 then attended five years in the University Of Manitoba and graduated as an electrical engineer. Unfortunately, he was not able to find a job in this profession in this area, and therefore began his career as a teacher; and has been teaching for the last thirty years. Interview Who was in political power and how affective was he in accomplishing his goals? I wasn't really interested nor paid much attention to politics, therefore I cannot answer this question. What things did you want to see changed by the government? What sort of problems did the government face and how were they solved? I wanted to see the government have more concern for the poor people. Things such as Medicare, OHIP, and pension plans. The government faced many problems, one of the most toughest, I think, was the deep recession occurring in the 60's. What special events or figures were most significant to you? Name some of the social trends you took part in. Well, I didn't have any hero's or someone to look up to until later on in my 20's when someone invited me to Montreal to watch a folk singer called Pete Seager. From this time on, I became really dedicated and interested in music and this really influenced my life. I was a teacher than, so I didn't really take part in social events, yet there was a building north of Jarvis called Yorkville and teenagers would usually gather there to dance and have fun. I would occasionally go to that place. State the differences in fashion from the 60's and today. Which music group or band did you enjoy listening to? What types of dances did you enjoy? First of all, teenagers and especially woman would wear clothes with more colour and beads. Bellbottoms were in back at that time. There are certain people who wear lots of flowers and turned out to be called the flower power. This name was given because they believed that being "nice" to others would help change the country-so they gave many people flowers and asked them to be their friend. The 1960s :: American America History The 1960s Mr. Basiuk is the person I chose for my interview. Rather than immigrating to Canada, Mr. Basiuk was born in Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, in 1936. He was educated in high school to the north end of Winnipeg at St. John's Technical High School. He spent two years altogether in grade 10 and 11 then attended five years in the University Of Manitoba and graduated as an electrical engineer. Unfortunately, he was not able to find a job in this profession in this area, and therefore began his career as a teacher; and has been teaching for the last thirty years. Interview Who was in political power and how affective was he in accomplishing his goals? I wasn't really interested nor paid much attention to politics, therefore I cannot answer this question. What things did you want to see changed by the government? What sort of problems did the government face and how were they solved? I wanted to see the government have more concern for the poor people. Things such as Medicare, OHIP, and pension plans. The government faced many problems, one of the most toughest, I think, was the deep recession occurring in the 60's. What special events or figures were most significant to you? Name some of the social trends you took part in. Well, I didn't have any hero's or someone to look up to until later on in my 20's when someone invited me to Montreal to watch a folk singer called Pete Seager. From this time on, I became really dedicated and interested in music and this really influenced my life. I was a teacher than, so I didn't really take part in social events, yet there was a building north of Jarvis called Yorkville and teenagers would usually gather there to dance and have fun. I would occasionally go to that place. State the differences in fashion from the 60's and today. Which music group or band did you enjoy listening to? What types of dances did you enjoy? First of all, teenagers and especially woman would wear clothes with more colour and beads. Bellbottoms were in back at that time. There are certain people who wear lots of flowers and turned out to be called the flower power. This name was given because they believed that being "nice" to others would help change the country-so they gave many people flowers and asked them to be their friend.

Lyotard on the Kantian Sublime :: Sublime Philosophy Philosophical Papers

Lyotard on the Kantian Sublime ABSTRACT: In this essay I explicate J.F. Lyotard's reading of the Kantian sublime as presented in Lessons on the Analytic of the Sublime (1994) and in "Answering the Question: What is Postmodernism" (1984). Lessons articulates the context in which critical thought situates itself as a zone of virtually infinite creative capacity, undetermined by principles but in search of them; "Answering the Question" explores how the virtually infinite creative capacity of thought manifests in the avant-gardes. Essentially, in both works Lyotard understands the Kantian sublime as legitimating deconstructive postmodernism. In the Critique of Judgement Kant defines the sublime as "that, the mere ability to think which shows a faculty of the mind surpassing every standard of sense." (1) Such striving for absolute comprehension beyond what the imagination is capable of representing in a simple perception or image may be occasioned by the "rawness" of scenes like the Great Pyramid of Cheops, the magnitude or immensity of which alludes to the Idea of absolute greatness. (2) Imagination's failure to contain this Idea understandably results in pain. (3) But pain is not the end-point; characteristic of sublime feeling is a "movement" of pain to pleasure: "the feeling of a momentary checking of the vital powers and a consequent stronger outflow of them." (4) In other words one is awestruck: nature appears as a "mere nothing in comparison with the Ideas of Reason." (5) From this we realize our superiority to nature "within and without us" and our supersensible destination beyond nature. (6) In this paper I wish to explicate J-F. Lyotard's reading of the Kantian sublime. There are lessons to be learned here, as the title of his recent work (1994), Lessons on the Analytic of the Sublime, suggests. Essentially, the heuristic function of the sublime is to expose reflective judgment (of which sublime feeling is a species) as the context in which the critical enterprise functions or as the "manner" in which critical thought situates its own a priori conditions. (7) The Kantian sublime may teach us something else: In an earlier work (1984), "Answering the Question: What is Postmodernism?," Lyotard views the sublime as legitimating the avant-garde as way of extending the critical enterprise to the arts. The method behind the madness of the avant-gardes, Lyotard contends, is incomprehensible unless one is already familiar with "the incommensurability of reality to concept which is implied in the Kantian philosophy of the sublime.

American Lit: Anne, the Author to Her Book, Mistress Bradstreet Essay

In â€Å"Anne,† begin with The Author to Her Book, which evidently was written as the epigraph to the second edition of her collection of poems. What of her personality as a woman comes through in the poem? In â€Å"The Author to Her Book† It is immediate that the reader knows that a woman and a mother wrote this piece. â€Å"Thou ill-formed offspring of my feeble brain, Who after birth did’st by my side remain†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This sentence sets the stage for everything that would come next about her from staying by her side while children, to going out into the world with friends, and becoming adults and moving out of the house. Threw the middle of the poem, lines 5-10, you can tell that she is unhappy with her children for what is unclear but â€Å"brat† and â€Å"cast thee by as one unfit for light† can’t be a good sign. The last two lines though you can tell she will always love her children but she has to let them go. For a mother in that time period, especially a mother of 8, you can really get the sense of how much of an up and down ride I was to raise so many children and all the responsibility’s that when along with it. †¢In â€Å"Mistress Bradstreet†, what poems show her in her social life as the wife of a high official? From reading â€Å"Upon the Burning of Our House† I can gather that she was a wife of a high official or that she had had any money is to be new to Virginia she and her husband had many thing you wouldn’t think would be in a typical pilgrims home. Things that were burn such as a trunk, table and her stores even though she doesn’t really describe her stores, these alone would tell you that she was better off than most even before the mention of â€Å"pelf† which meant money or wealth. Works Cited George Perkins, B. P. (2009). The American Tradition in Literature. New York: McGraw Hill.

Compare the opening sequences of the film Essay

I have chosen to compare the opening sequence of â€Å"Hannibal† with that of the opening of the classic crime thriller â€Å"Reservoir Dogs. To accurately make comparisons of the two openings it is essential that I study the sound, the use of colour, camera work, lighting text and mise en scene. Not only stating what is there but also why. This has been achieved by first connotating and dennotating each opening. I watched both openings numerous times, both in class and at home. This made it possible for me to decisively analyse and then compare the two openings. The opening sequence of â€Å"Hannibal† begins with a black frame and a sound bridge which consists of a conversation between two people, the voices and content of the conversation are unclear but grab the audiences attention as you need to focus to attempt make out what’s going on. There is calming music being played, piano music, very soft as not to take our attention away from the voices but just to create a subdued atmosphere. From the bottom right hand corner of the screen a small box with an image in it approaches at a slow but steady pace. The camera is revolving around the image. The box gradually begins to enlarge and takes over from the black frame. The reasoning for this technique is so that the audience is immediately involved with the scene, instead of the opening scene just being there, a certain amount of suspense and tension is created as the audience wait to see whether their own interpretations are correct. This is an insight into how the rest of the film is going to go. The main themes and plot are not there in black and white instead you, the audience are invited to read between the lines and go along with Agent Clarice and solve the case. The camera then pans across slowly and what unfolds before us is a significant opening into the storyline. The pace and angle of movement of the camera make it perceivable that the audience is in the form of another person entering the room. The sluggishness of the camera gets the audience waiting in anticipation, you are eager to put a face to the two voices that have been heard throughout. The two colours immediately evident through the interior and lighting are a chilling blue and a fierce red. These are extremely relevant, for the reason that blue is the colour associated with Starling throughout the film, representing her loneliness in her search for Hannibal. Red is a symbol of Hannibal, conveying his murderous characteristics and his dangerous ways. The interior is of a very regal house, this is symbolic of Hannibal himself because previously it has been seen that however disturbed he may be he has to some extent a certain degree of class, in terms of choice of music, arts, food (other than flesh). The two characters are the doctor from the hospital Hannibal was once a resident at and the other a victim of Hannibal, an extremely disfigured man. This acts as a re-introduction to Hannibal, and what he is capable of inflicting on his victims. The conversation progresses between the two and the audience are then witness to four close ups in succession, two of which are over the shoulder shots, enabling us to view the others reaction to what has been said to them. The choice of close ups allow the audience to get an understanding of both characters through facial expressions, who they are and what role they have to play in the story. The doctor appears as the good character whereas the victim appears as the bitter evil character this can be defined by their characteristics, posture and context of their conversation. The scene develops further, with the conversation taking a more direct approach to what is to be the climax of the scene, the introduction of the mask. There are a string of mid shots which present us with more background on both characters. The doctor is wearing some sort of professional nurse’s uniform and â€Å"Cardel† is wearing a suit fitted to his mangled body, although suggesting that he has a certain amount of wealth and social status. As the conversation continues there are two more close-ups which coincide with important parts of the conversation. An example of this is when the word â€Å"thousand† is spoken. This could be seen as a symbolic message, representing the extent of pain â€Å"Cardel† has be subjected to or the extent of revenge he wishes to inflict on Hannibal. The scene ends with a close up gradually changing into an enlarged extreme close up of the mask which is to be the artefact of the movie. The mask takes up the entire screen before fading away into the blackness of the original opening shot. The fact that there has been a cycle from black through to black could suggest that the story may be similar in that there is no answer instead an encircling cat and mouse saga. From the first scene the editing has been very smooth and gradual, there appears to be no rush to get the audience to the story, maybe implying that the story will come to the audience. The mask fades out again at no great pace and then â€Å"Hannibal† appears in a red font, as if to bring fear to the audience. The scene commencing is of a more complexed nature there are more shots with the editing being more sharp and severe. There are a chain of short shots, no longer than a few seconds which are all related to Hannibal in some form. The technique used is to convey that all the images have been taken from a security camera, recording the events of the town centre of Italy, which is a bustling constant moving place, no dramatic incidents just people walking through the streets and cars driving through traffic. The shots have been edited to appear faster than real time. This is another link in with the story line, although there may be no overly dramatic sub-plots there are plenty of twists which will keep the audience alert. Flickered in between these shots, are an image of a brain. The shot is so sudden that the audience only just have enough time to be taken aback let alone comprehend the significance, the fact that Hannibal later eats a brain. There use of pigeons are a link to the â€Å"silence of the lambs† when Hannibal describes Clarice as a pigeon and comes in handy when Hannibal’s face is displayed amongst the pigeons for a few seconds. This technique of suspending time is a method used twice in this scene, the other being when the camera focuses briefly on a man who’s appearance is much similar to that of Hannibal, but we are left unsure whether it is him or not. Either way we are again reintroduced to Hannibal as a physical character rather than just a theme. There are many images of flesh, a representation of cannibalism which is a key theme associated with â€Å"Hannibal†. The shot of the pigs links in with the events later in the film, when the hungry pigs are unleashed to destroy Hannibal. This theme has been carried on from the Hannibal trilogy. Police officers are also used signify the factor of crime and deviance used by both Hannibal and fellow FBI agents of Clarice. The opening scene of â€Å"Reservoir Dogs† has a duration of 7 and half minutes which is exceedingly long for an opening. For a good 6 minutes neither the setting, camera angle nor characters change within the first scene. This makes it a relatively easy opening to analyse although there are many artefacts and themes which are relevant to the rest of the film and must be mentioned. The opening shot is a black frame with a voice over of â€Å"Mr Pink† talking about Madonna. The black frame doesn’t last too long and soon we are introduced to the setting which we are to be subjected to for the next 7 minutes. It is a cheap breakfast dinner. Immediately the audience are placed right next to the main table. It is obvious that the dinner is cheap because of the interior the curtains have a corny appearance, the pictures on the wall look inexpensive the lighting is very false and the condiments on the table are plastic. The camera remains the same throughout, endlessly circling, giving the appearance of a shy little boy wandering around the table always focusing on whoever is speaking or making a gesture of importance, rarely giving us a clean shot of their faces but just enough to introduce the audience to the principle characters. The gangsters light cigarettes and drink coffee, the conversation diverges into that of the origins of Madonna’s song â€Å"Like a virgin† and a few other tedious subject come into play. All the way through we are given extensive time to learn about the 8 men all sitting around the table. All the men bar one are dressed up in the stereotypical gangster outfit, a black suit, white shirt and black tie. This is part of mise en scene, introducing us to the concept of a â€Å"crew† of gangsters all together for a reason. Their appearance however stereotypical is very simplistic and that could be what they are expecting of their proposed heist, this later comes out as irony because the heist is far from simple. There is one man who is not in a suit and that is â€Å"Nice Guy Eddie† he is though in another form of stereotypical gangster attire. He is wearing a blue shell suit, opened up enough to show his big gold necklace on top of his hairy chest. This makes him out to be somebody of importance, maybe the â€Å"boss†. The atmosphere is very smoky, which is a sharp contrast on top of the easily wipeable tables and disposable napkins, this could again be a representation of their plans becoming clouded by unforeseen circumstances. After taking in what is before us the audience begin to want reasoning for why eight gangsters are all together in such a cheap establishment, and it is apparent that they want to be inconspicuous, avoid any unwanted attention from the authorities. This builds up a sense of anticipation, there is now a distinct impression that violence is going to rain. There is another key shot that implies a sense of violence and that is when â€Å"Joe† steps up to pay the bill, the camera pans up and we are given a glimpse of his gun. This is the first sign of possible bloodshed, this builds on the previous sense of anticipation.

Spectator Violence at Sporting Events

â€Å"These people want to hurt you. It†s frightening. You feel like you†re in a cage out there†. Reggie Smith, (Berger, 1990). Spectator violence at sporting events has been recorded throughout history. People who have power over the events, often team owners, indirectly influence the amount of spectator violence by encouraging the factors contributing to violence, in order to benefit themselves. Sale of alcohol, encouraging crowd intensity, creating rivalries, and targeting social groups, are factors affecting the degree of spectator violence and can be proven to be influenced by the owner†s actions. Therefore the blame for spectator violence can be attributed to whoever has power over the sport. Many historians suggest that an increase in spectator violence coincides with the commercialization of sports. Anthropologists agree that in societies where games were not for profit, they were enjoyed as celebrations of physical skill without competitiveness or violence between players or spectators (Berger, 1990). However, when people gained power or financially from the sporting events, spectator violence increased (Berger, 1990). Public spectacles and games were part of the Roman Empire. Each emperor had an amphitheater and the size of the crowd reflected the emperor†s wealth or power. The emperor through crowd excitement could influence spectator violence to such an extent that gladiators could be killed or freed depending on the crowd†s effect on the emperor (Robinson, 1998). The emperor encouraged the Roman working class, â€Å"to forget their own suffering, by seeing others suffer,† while the senators, and emperor would benefit financially from gambling profits (Robinson, 1998). With the commercialization of sports, owners† profits increased with alcohol sales. Beer drinking has been an integral part of sports since the late 1870†³s. Chris van der Alie noticed that his saloon did well when St. Louis Brown Stockings were in town. As a result, he decided to sell beer at the games. On February 12, 1880, Alie signed a contract with the Browns allowing him to sell alcohol on their property (Johnson, 1988). During a game on July 6, 1881, the first alcohol related brawl broke out in the crowd, injuring twenty spectators and killing two (Johnson, 1998). The signed contract with the Browns† was a financial bonus for the owner, however permitting alcohol to be sold, might have indirectly contributed to the injuries and deaths. Alcohol sales contribute financial support to teams. â€Å"Without beer companies as sponsors, the teams would have trouble making ends meet. † Bob Whitsitt, president of Seattle Supersonics, (Berger, 1990). The more alcohol consumed, the more revenue for the owners. During the 1987-1988 season the Cincinnati Reds sold 12,610 half-barrels and 35,365 cases of beer. The amount of beer consumed averages out to a pint for every man, woman, and child who attended the 81 games the team played at home (Johnson, 1988). The team†s owner benefited with a financial profit of over 1 million dollars. Sponsorship or ownership of teams by alcohol manufacturers, increases the alcohol sales. The first major partnership of beer and baseball dates from the 1953 purchase of the Cardinals by August A. Busch, Jr. , president of the Anheuser-Busch brewery (Johnson, 1988). In twenty-five years its† sales soared from fewer than 6 million barrels a year to more than 35 million (Johnson, 1988). In addition to direct profit, alcohol also indirectly increases profit through increased attendance. In 1974, when the Cleveland Indians† fan attendance was down, the owner implemented â€Å"Beer Night† where they sold beers for 10 cents at the first game of a three game series against the Texas Rangers (Berger, 1990). Attendance was up by 3500. The night turned out to be the first and last â€Å"Beer Night†. When a brawl occurred during the 5th inning, hundreds of Indian fans charged the field and beat up the Texas Ranger players. Seventy-six people were arrested. All were intoxicated (Berger, 1990). There†s no question that the beer played a great part in the affair† (GM Eddie Robinson). Eddie Robinson did not apologize for the incident, and it took Lee MacPhail, president of American League to intervene and ban the beer nights (Johnson, 1988). The rowdy behavior contributed by alcohol consumption often accompanies the throwing of beverage containers. Cups, bottles, and cans act as stimuli and provide a throwing opportunity. In 1988, Pete Rose of Cincinnati Reds was pelted with full cups of beer and whiskey bottles, when he stormed out of the dugout to dispute a call. It was insane, many of the fans were throwing unopened beer cans† Pete Rose, (Johnson, 1988). To restrain spectator violence, many agree with not selling alcohol at sporting events. â€Å"The selling of alcohol at sporting events should be banned† (Johnson, 1988). Other solutions have been implemented, such as limiting drinking to designated areas, selling low alcohol beer, and making it more difficult to buy. The solution of prohibiting alcohol at games was never implemented (Johnson, 1988) Alcohol sales increase revenue; profits keep the owners satisfied. The owners to increase entertainment and increase attendance often promote other stimulants such as music, hearing obscenities, and aggressive play in the event or in the stands. Since sports are a source of entertainment, loud music and aggressive play in the event pump up the crowds, increasing the fans† enthusiasm. Hearing obscenities can be contagious and escalate into more swearing, name calling and fighting. An obscene cheer starts with two fans, increases to eight and soon a whole section is vibrating to the pulse. If fans take exception to the obscenities individual fights break out building into group fights, as friends come to assist. Owners are often able to control the crowd†s involvement in the game with the type of music they play and how loud they control the volume (Robinson, 1998). An excited, participatory crowd heightens the atmosphere and increases future ticket sales, benefiting the owner. However, the same atmosphere can increase hostility leading to fan violence. Basketball games attract anywhere from twenty to thirty thousand fans, whereas a gymnastic competition may attract a few hundred (Robinson, 1998). This is party due to the loud, exciting atmosphere at a basketball game. Goldstein did a study comparing crowd hostility before and after a basketball game to before and after a gymnastic competition. He proved that the hostility increased considerably for the basketball fans, and also discovered that hostility occurred no matter if the fan was rooting for the winning or the losing team (Robinson, 1998). Large sport events like basketball often use music to increase the crowd†s hostility and competitive awareness of the game. Owners often don†t realize at what point hostility turns to fan violence. This may have been the situation for Dan Goodenow, organizer of the 1988 Martin Luther King Classic basketball tournament where 5 fans were arrested, a man's face slashed, and a police officer injured during a riot (Atyeo, 1979). Coaches and game officials blamed the rap group Public Enemy, who played before the game shouting obscenities, carrying plastic guns, and working up the crowd to an extent of raucous excitement (Chapman, 1988). Owners or school leaders help create team rivalry by encouraging fans, through city or school patriotism, to support their team. With media support, owners use historical team rivalry, competitive stories, propaganda and team loyalty to promote high-ticket sales and increase profits. Excessive promotion of rivalry changes crowd cheers to jeers that can lead to violence. The most common rivalries are school rivalries. Starting as far back as 1899 the students of Colorado School of Mines and those of Colorado College would celebrate victory by using dynamite to blow up the rival†s goal posts (Taylor, 1992). During one game the presidents of the universities promoted the final game, as â€Å"The top college in Colorado will win† (Taylor, 1992). By game time, most students from both schools were there to cheer their teams on. When Colorado College was down their fans, frustrated by the score and the name-calling, stormed the field at half time where a riot broke out. When rivalry was claimed to be a factor it was no longer promoted, and violence diminished (Taylor, 1992). A similar example of rivalry leading to hostility occurred in the 1999 Red Feather game Banting vs. Westminster. To encourage attendance and raise money for charities both schools had pep rallies to pump up the students by using music, videos and chants. During half time the two schools emerged towards the center of the field taunting each other. The organizers of the rallies intent on boosting ticket sales inadvertently encouraged spectator violence. There is an increase in violence following sporting events promoting rivalry as compared to regular promotion, as seen in professional boxing following a highly talked about match. The promoters in boxing do everything they can to make sure the matches turn out violent to satisfy the crowd. David C. Phillips a sociologist studied the rate of homicides following highly publicized heavyweight championship fights. The survey was done the 3 weeks following each of 18 highly publicized bouts from 1973-1978 compared to those bouts with normal publicity (Davidson, 1983). Phillips found that there were 193 more murders, in the surrounding areas, after the promoted fights as compared to the norms (Davidson, 1983). After the highly promoted Muhammad Ali vs. Joe Frazier fight on October 1, 1975, the murder rate shot up thirty-two percent (Davidson, 1983). Phillips theory is â€Å"people see how violence is prized in the boxing ring and come to believe that violence outside the ring will also be rewarded† (Davidson, 1983). The rewards however, are the financial rewards to the owners, through increased ticket sales and media advertising. Spectator violence may be parallel to violence in the society. For example in a violent society, play will be violent, whereas in a peaceful society play will be more peaceful. The make up of the social group contributes to the possibility of violence. Spectators can be divided into different social classes and the event advertised in areas where a particular social group is targeted for ticket sales. Often working class males are targeted, as their values and attitudes of aggressiveness, fearlessness and toughness are well suited to competitive sports (Bonney & Giulianotti, 1994). They are likely to be the fans that are betting on the game or are there for the thrills (Berger, 1990). These fans are more likely to attend contact sporting events such as rugby and to be violent, compared to the upper class fans who analyze the game are more likely to attend a cricket match. In the sport soccer, hooligans who dominate the crowds are mainly males who generally act in rough, noisy behavior (Taylor, 1992). They have lawless fun, fighting spectators, throwing objects and vandalizing property. Most hooligans are from the working class. They have low ambitions, violent behavior and high stress levels (Bonney & Giulianotti, 1994). They act out their frustrations, like the Roman working class, by attending sporting events where they loose their individualities. Fans in Glasgow, Scotland, trampled sixty-six persons to death when they tried to return to the stadium they had just left upon hearing that a last-minute goal had been scored. Berger, 1982). â€Å"Hooliganism gives the organization of a team motivation with their traditional cheers and it builds the atmosphere which builds a team† Lesie Davis, management of Peru†s soccer organization (Taylor, 1992). Major soccer teams target this low-income social class because it brings atmosphere to the game and alcohol sales and profits increase (Shumacher, 1975). In marketing ticket sales for most team sports, owners target males nineteen to forty-five. Sixty three percent of males and twenty percent of females in that age range are involved with sports whether they participate in them, or follow them (Oliver, 1971). Team owners often exclusively target males, resulting in an increase of ticket sales and merchandise. However, when males are bonded they often act violently emphasizing their masculinity, machismo, bravery and fighting skills (Tiger, 1970). Many teams in the American Baseball League in the 1970†³s were having problems concerning fan violence, and found the main instigators were males. They changed the games to Sunday, traditionally a family day and encouraged female fans by admitting them free. With women and family present the men were less likely to loose their individuality and act violently as a group. The results for the next 5 years were positive as fan violence decreased by 30 percent (Berger, 1990). By studying the occurrences, degrees, and causes of fan violence over history, owners are able to decrease the incidents of fan violence while maintaining profits and entertainment value of their organization. Slowly but effectively owners, teams, coaches and professional leagues are creating solutions to minimize fan violence. The American Baseball League, National Baseball League and the National Basketball Association participate in TEAM (Techniques for Effective Alcohol Management), which is a program for training everyone from vendors to ushers in handling people who have had too much to drink (Berger, 1982). Many of the NFL teams have moved their tailgate parties outside the stadium to eliminate the hostility caused by loud rock bands on the premises (Berger. 1990). Security cameras have been installed in many of the soccer stadiums and transportation centers to games, spotting the fans that cause the violence, and acting as deterrents for others. Controlled drinking areas, entrance controlled security checks, and increased visible security personnel are measures, which have helped to reduce fan violence in all sports. Most important, the owners need to be aware that some of their actions to benefit their organization have an indirect influence on the factors for fan violence. Sport is a basic feature of Australian culture. The achievements of Australian athletes have enhanced our image as a nation. Participation in sporting activities contributes to the health of millions of Australians; the teamwork and fair play which Australians learn on the playing field provide the basis for a good society. But Australian sport is not without shortcomings. Whilst sporting violence, on the part of both participants and spectators, is less frequent and less severe in Australia than in many overseas locations, it remains grounds for concern. Violence on the playing field sets a bad example for impressionable young Australians. Unruly crowd behaviour can spoil a pleasant family outing.