Impact of Workplace Factors on Worker Productivity

Question: Discuss about the Impact of Workplace Factors on Worker Productivity. Answer: Introduction The workplace plays a major role in the productivity of any worker working in an organization. One is likely to get predominantly influenced by the kind of workplace he has to go to everyday. This in turn leads to having a direct impact on the outcome or the productivity level of a person. There are numerous factors of the workplace playing in the backdrop that affects workers productivity. It is obvious that when a worker gets favorable conditions in the workplace like the basic proper working conditions or maybe his favorite corner or for that matter some amenities provided by the organization in the workplaces that makes life in office convenient. This has a direct impact on the psychology of a workers as they find their comfort zone which in turn gives them greater workspace satisfaction and productivity. It is not only the physical features but also social relationships that the workers share with one another. Sharing of good and cordial relationships with coworkers at the work space may often give a sense of mental satisfaction to the people hence leading to a greater productivity. Keeping these factors in mind, we can say that a healthy and comfortable workplace as it suits the workers would be directly related to their productivity levels in the organization. We can now go on to examine some articles which would clearly define what impact a workplace can have on the productivity levels of the worker. The article of Journal of Business, Economics and Finance, (Leblebici, 2012), highlights the impact of the work place quality on the employees productivity. The article helps us to identify how the workplace plays a major role for the workers. It seen that the workers have a wide range of alternative jobs to choose from which keeps the organisations on the toes to compete with each other and retain the best of the lot with them. The workplace tends to define a number of factors such as the workers motivation, his engagement in the work, his performance and subsequently his productivity. (Certo, 2015). There are various ways in which the human resource departments of organizations are trying to retain the employees. Then general or the most clichd way of attracting workers is by offering an attractive compensation package. However this might not stand true for all cases in todays world. The kind of workplace one has a strong influence on the workers. It tends to influence their morale, their comfort, their outcome and the like in both ways be it positive or negative. There have been numerous instances where the workplace has played a major role in the workers engagement and participation. It also has had a direct impact on the employee turnover which in turn has affected the productivity levels. Thus the first question that we are likely to analyze is how is employee or worker disengagement related to the workplace of a place? though it seems to hardly have relations between the two it directly affects productivity levels of the worker. There are certain signs that shows that worker lacks interest in the work like being too distracted in the workplace, not showing a keen interest in the projects or tasks undertaken , no interest in the decisions that are taken in the organization , frequent absenteeism etc.( Ashkanasy, Bennet and Martinko,2016). The purpose here is to highlight the symptoms reflecting disengagement rather than the root cause itself. Thus these factors can have both a positive as well as a negative impact. If the conditions are favorable like the workers show keen interest in their work, are focused at their tasks, are not missing office, all this, clearly brings out the fact that the employee is engaged in his work and hence likes his work place. Seeing both the conditions it can thereby be concluded as the environment of the workplace where a person spends his major part of the day plays a major role in either of the two situations being engaged or disengaged with the work in the workplace. (Bryson, 2013). The second question that is to be analyzed is that how does one relate his workplace satisfaction to the job satisfaction? here one can easily argue by saying that how is job satisfaction or the dedication and liking one has towards their work related to conditions of the workplace. Job satisfaction is can be taken as a level of contentment that a person derives from the kind of work he does. Job satisfaction has a direct impact on the performance and hence the productivity. To make the understanding comprehensible , we can refer to Herzbergs two-factor principle theory where job dissatisfaction is influenced by hygiene factors like working condition, relations with co-workers, rules and policies, quality of the supervisor and lastly the wages. On the other hand job satisfaction depends on motivator factors like recognition that the worker gets, the work itself, the responsibilities and achievements in the workplace as well as personal growth. (Riratanaphong, van der Voordt, 2014) .H erzbergs theory suggests that if we improve the motivating factors that result in the increasing of job satisfaction. On the other hand improving the hygiene factors helps in decreasing the job dissatisfaction. In these recent years, how comfortable is the worker in the workplace has been taken as an important yardstick to assess the productivity. (van der Rijt, van den Bossche, van de Wiel, Segers and Gijsalaers, 2015). This stands true with most of the jobs today as they mostly revolve around working and sitting in front of the computers the whole day. Thus the workplace environment is undoubtedly an important factor in such cases. The third question that arises from the article is that why is the concept of ergonomics gaining importance in the recent years? An emerging trend gaining rapid importance is the concept of ergonomics which is the science of designing a particular workplace keeping in mind various factors like the capabilities as well as the limitations of the workers. Since most of the work these days are restricted to sitting at one place and working with the computers, this concept helps in providing the workers with a better place to work in so that it increases and maintains the productivity of the workers. Poor workplace designs lead to the workers becoming frustrated and irritable. (Hawkey, 2014). All this is likely to result in the injury of the workers accompanies with low productivity and poor quality items. Ergonomics helps in making enhancements in the work processes that helps in removing and barriers if any from the workplace. This helps in providing safe work space to the workers so th at they perform well. The designs are made keeping in mind the capabilities and limitations of the workmen. If ergonomics is implemented well, it can be one of the contributing factors in the companys competitiveness in the market area. The final question that crops up what role does communication play in the work place and the productivity level? communication is a very important factor in any organization. It is very essential to interact, communicate with each other to keep the work going at any workplace. Effective communication in the workplace helps in designing policies and programs that suit the needs of the employees leading to a greater level of satisfaction, when the organization takes care of their employees i.e. sees that their needs are looked into, their decisions are heard and suggestions are implemented, it would lead to morale boost of the employees. (Tan and Netessine, 2014). In this way, the employees are psychologically satisfied which helps to perform effectively at their workplace. Furthermore, it also seen that communication helps in building healthy relationships with employees leading to a happier workplace life. This ensures greater success of the employees at their workplace. It is clearly seen that the work place has a direct impact on the productivity of the workers. In Work and Employment in the High Performance Workplace (Anthony, Belanger, Lapointe and Murray ,2013)suggests that the innovative or the experimentation with workplaces has only started coming into the picture after in these recent years and primarily in the industrialized economies of the world. Firms are likely to adopt innovative workplace that would develop a High Performance Work Systems or HPWS. (Appelbaum, 2013). A more of Taylorist approach where the workers are given the autonomy to make their own decision in work related issues and matters. With the High Performance Work Systems, we see the developments of some new systems, the effect that the new workplace has on the workers, and how the workers are influenced by new human resource practices and work organizations. In a case study conducted by International Journal of Independent Research and Studies,(Naharuddin and Sadegi, 2013), it is seen that the environmental factors of a workplace has a deep impact on the lifestyle, work-life balance or health and fitness either in a positive or a negative way. They also mention a concept known as workplace performance where the environment that is provided to the workers by their employees aid in performing them in performing well at the workplace. The workplace design either directly or indirectly affects the productivity of a person in an organization. (Greenaway, Thai, Haslam and Murphy, 2016). In another article by the African Symposium: An online journal of the African Educational Research Network (Ajala, 2012), says that various surveys have shown that nine out of ten workers are of the opinion that workplaces affects the mindset of the workers, influences their attitudes and also their productivity. Another surveys shows the fact the ergonomically designed offices have workers with higher motivation and satisfaction. It is also believed that unsafe or improper working conditions like unhygienic sanitary conditions, poor ventilation, inadequate lighting, and excess noise have a negative impact on the health of the employees which affects their productivity levels. (Band, Shah, Sriram and Appliance, 2016) The various findings can bring us to the conclusion the workplace and productivity levels are intricately related to one another. When the environment in the workplace would be found unsatisfactory it would be for a fact that in all probability the performance and productivity levels are going to get affected. We should always keep in mind that a healthy environment would lead to a creation of a more unique and creatives employees capable of brining a transformation in the market scenarios. Happy employees would lead to the organization having a higher competitive advantage over the others in the market space. References: Ajala, E.M., 2012, June. The influence of workplace environment on workers welfare, performance and productivity. InThe African Symposium(Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 141-149). Anthony, G., Belanger, J., Lapointe, P.A. and Murray, G., 2013.Work and Employment in the High Performance Workplace. Routledge. Appelbaum, E., 2013. The impact of new forms of work organization on workers.Work and Employment in the High Performance Workplace,120. Ashkanasy, N.M., Bennett, R. and Martinko, M.J., 2016. Understanding the high performance workplace: introduction. Band, G., Shah, N.V., Sriram, R. and Appliances, E., 2016. Herzberg Two Factor Theory among the Management Faculty in Nagpur City. InInternational Conference on Management and Information Systems September(Vol. 23, p. 24). Bryson, A., 2013. Do temporary agency workers affect workplace performance?.Journal of Productivity Analysis,39(2), pp.131-138. Certo, S., 2015.Supervision: Concepts and skill-building. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Greenaway, K.H., Thai, H.A., Haslam, S.A. and Murphy, S.C., 2016. Spaces That Signal Identity Improve Workplace Productivity.Journal of Personnel Psychology. Hawkey, R., 2014. Does depression in the workplace impact productivity? A South African perspective.Mental Health Matters,1(3), pp.30-33. Leblebici, D., 2012. Impact of workplace quality on employees productivity: case study of a bank in Turkey.Journal of Business, Economics,1(1). Naharuddin, N.M. and Sadegi, M., 2013. Factors of workplace environment that affect employees performance: A case study of Miyazu Malaysia. Riratanaphong, C. and van der Voordt, T., 2015. Measuring the added value of workplace change: Performance measurement in theory and practice.Facilities,33(11/12), pp.773-792. Tan, T.F. and Netessine, S., 2014. When does the devil make work? An empirical study of the impact of workload on worker productivity.Management Science,60(6), pp.1574-1593. van der Rijt, J., van den Bossche, P., van de Wiel, M., Segers, M.S.R. and Gijselaers, W.H., 2015. The impact of help seeking relations in the workplace on performance.

Market Entry Strategies for MNEs and SMEs

The methods to enter a given market are significant for any firm willing to diversify its operations while increasing and expanding its operations. MNEs corporations are mainly large and dominant in their domestic markets and often seek ways to diversify in order to increase their scale of operations while minimizing risks in domestic markets.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Market Entry Strategies for MNEs and SMEs specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On their part, SMEs are still growing and seek opportunity to diversify their activities while growing to full potential. As they seek to undertake a manufacturing venture in a foreign market, both SMEs and MNEs utilize some entry techniques as examined in this paper (Doole Lowe 2008, p. 57). Local manufacturing is the activity in which the firms involved produces goods and services for local or domestic use. The firms manufacture products with the aim of domestic con sumption. For local manufacturing to happen, the domestic market must be large enough to provide the market for manufactured goods. The market must be large enough for the involved corporations to make profit since the big investment is involved. Although the intention of manufacturing is for local consumption, in some situations, the firm produces surplus that could be sold outside the intended market (Rajesh et al., 2008, p. 316). Exporting Market Entry Strategy MNEs are dominant corporations in their domestic markets and seek diversification into other markets for different reasons including availability of resources for such form of diversification. Therefore, as noted by Peng (2008, p. 173), MNEs have enough resources to undertake a local manufacturing diversification in another country. The success of the diversification depends on the method of entry chosen by the firm. According to Hamid et al. (2008, p. 45), most MNEs are involved in exporting strategy with the firms ventur ing into new markets either directly or indirectly. Therefore, exporting is the most common form of entry strategy for local manufacturing. In the exporting strategy, the firms involved ship or sell goods in the domestic economy and it is a common strategy for small and medium enterprises to venture into new markets. As noted by Demirbag and Ekrem (2009, p.161), exporting could be either direct or indirect.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This could be through established outlets of the firm in the foreign market. On the contrary, indirect exporting involves the exporting firm to sell another buyer (importer) the products and the buyer then exports the products to other foreign markets (WÃ ¶lfl 2004, p. 73). Exporting could also take the form of internet marketing where business transactions take place online. With the manufacturing firm continuing manufacturing in its dome stic economy, it could export its products to another market through the internet. International internet marketing has gained growth with firms receiving orders from other overseas markets. Exporting is commonly undertaken by both MNEs and SMEs because the strategy is easy to implement. Under exporting, a firm has the opportunity of having its products sold in a foreign market without tying up much of its capital. The method has fewer risks involved and MNEs may exploit the mode to establish their economies of scale (Doole Lowe 2008, p. 65). According to Al-Kaabi et al. (2010, p. 153), the most common form of exporting for SMEs is indirect exporting in which an intermediary is involved. In this case, the SME sells its products to an intermediary who them undertakes the initiative to transport the goods across borders to another country. However, the case of MNEs, they always have enough resources to undertake direct exporting for local manufacturing. They establish links in the fo reign economy and export their manufactured products while directly selling them to the consumers (Doole Lowe 2008, p. 76). Advantages and disadvantages of Entry strategies of MNEs As noted by Thompson, Strickland and Gamble (2010, p. 56), MNEs are endowed with enough resources that could enable the firm to undertake any entry strategy into a given market given an opportunity. The availability of resources enables MNEs to exploit the first mover advantage as compared to SMEs that may not have enough resources to undertake the move immediately the manufacturing opportunity is established.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Market Entry Strategies for MNEs and SMEs specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Such strategies help MNEs preempt the movements of rivals in the manufacturing sector while enabling the firm to capture customers fast. While creating switching costs that tie the customers into the products and services, the methods employed by MNEs help the firms develop large sales volumes (Tufts 2006, p. 350). Despite the entry efforts undertaken by MNEs, they always stumble to wasting of much time and efforts in learning the exporting and manufacturing regulations in the foreign country. Therefore, MNEs that move fast are bound to make mistakes due to ignorance while suffering the liability of being a foreigner (Peng 2008, p. 165). Advantages and disadvantages of Entry strategies of MNEs SMEs are cautious in undertaking the export strategy and this makes them minimize the involved risks. The cautious nature of the exporting strategy undertaken by SMEs is because the firms in this category usually have fewer resources that could enable them to undertake the strategy themselves. They therefore involve intermediaries that purchase their products and export them to other international destinations. Therefore, when the indirect exporting of SMEs is compared to that of MNEs, it is clear that SMEs min imize risks while engaging little capital therefore being able to realize increased revenue (Agility Emerging Markets Logistics Index, 2012). The only limitation with indirect exporting strategy undertaken by SMEs is that it takes time and by the time the goods reach the market, the market could be dominated by the MNEs, who enjoy first mover advantage. However, the slow moves of SMEs could enable them to learn from the mistakes made by MNEs. List of References Agility Emerging Markets Logistics Index 2012, A detailed ranking and analysis of the world’s major developing logistics markets. Web. Al-Kaabi, M et al. 2010, ‘International market entry strategies of emerging market MNEs: A case study of Qatar Telecom’, Journal of East-West Business, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 146-170. EBSCOHOST, DOI: 10.1080/10669868.2010.486104Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Demirbag, M Ekrem, T 2009, ‘Guest Editorial: MNEs entry and operational strategies in transitional and emerging markets’, Journal of East-West Business, vol. 15, no. Â ¾, pp. 157-163. EBSCOHOST, DOI: 10.1080/10669860903435905 Doole, I Lowe, R 2008, International Marketing Strategy: Analysis, Development and Implementation, 5 ed., Cengage Learning EMEA, Cheriton House. Hamid, M et al., 2008, ‘Foreign Market entry: The case of SMEs in the Republic of Czech Republic’, Journal of East West Business, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 41-64. EBSCOHOST, DOI: 10.1300/J097v14n01_03 Peng, W 2008, Global strategy, 2 ed. Cengage Learning, Southwestern. Rajesh, S et al., 2008, ‘Competency and performance analysis of Indian SMEs and large organizations’, Competitiveness Review, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 308-321. EBSCOHOST, DOI: 10.1108/10595420810920798 Thompson, A, Strickland, A Gamble, J 2010, Crafting and Executing Strategy: Text and Reading, McGraw-Hill Irwin, New York. Tufts, S 2006, ‘We make it work: the cultural transformation of hotel workers in the city’, Antipode, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 350-73. WÃ ¶lfl, A 2004, ‘Productivity growth in services industries: is there a role for measurement?’ International Productivity Monitor, vol. 8, pp. 66-80. This essay on Market Entry Strategies for MNEs and SMEs was written and submitted by user Kelsey Buckley to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Pro

Pro Anti-social behavior is the knowing or unknowing disregard for others, which leads to intent to damage lives or negligence. Persistently, this behavior leads to anti-social Personality Disorder. Pro-social behavior is the antonym for anti-social behavior. It refers to a comforting regard for other peoples’ welfare and consequently society. People with pro-social behavior volunteer more and are generous contributors to good causes.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Pro-Social and Anti-Social Behavior specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Factors Influencing Pro-Social/Anti-Social Behavior Media Media plays a critical role in developing social voluntary giving. Studies show that children, who watched children related channels and programs at an early age of less than five, develop a giving habit. They also volunteer more than kids who watch mainstream media. Therefore, it is clear that TV content, which promotes violen ce and social misdeeds, fosters anti-social behavior. Internet is the newest source of all information. Social media is a mixture of people with different intentions. A child may get exposure to unwanted material easily. This is the same case with all other internet content. Too much focus on violence, killing and inhumane acts in blockbuster films is another factor that leads to anti-social behavior. All these are harmful to a child’s young mind (Helliwell and Putnam, 2004). Family and Social Life This is another critical area of interest. The role of individual members of the family and the birth-position are also critical factors. Firstborns are generally responsible for others compared to lastborns. However, lastborns from a family with a volunteer habit tend to copy and follow the same route. Social life, on the other hand, defines educational life from the onset. Psychologists argue that children who grow up in a generally philanthropic environment tend to volunteer as adults. This environment is only possible where children invite each other for birthdays, sleepovers and other social gatherings (Valsiner, 2007). Others Genetic factors can also influence social behavior. A person may be born with such tendencies. Secondly, environmental stressors may reduce a person’s regard for others and resort to bad behavior. For example, extreme poverty promotes selfishness. The child grows up knowing that he has too little to share. An upbringing with affluence, which suddenly changes confuses a child and could lead to anti-social behavior. A need to feel acceptable after a life of unacceptability in family is another factor (Helliwell and Putnam, 2004). Findings and Suggestions Social media is a big contributor to behavior. Some people have an anti-social inclination, which is natural. However, this behavior grows. Therefore, media should lay a huge emphasis on ensuring that content does not advocate for or foster anti-social behavior. Governments sh ould formulate policies geared towards making media responsible. For example, filtration of certain content at times. The upbringing of a child should entail more than just parental passiveness. Involvement of both parents is a plus in this quest. Children who grow up with both parents exhibit more social behavior than those growing up in single parent families. It is important for the child’s social maturity that both parents are present during childhood. (Valsiner, 2007).Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More References Helliwell, J.F Putnam, R.D. (2004). The Social Context of Well-Being. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London B Biological Sciences, 1(359): 1435-46. Valsiner, J. (2007). Personal Culture and Conduct of Value. Journal of Social, Evolutionary Cultural Psychology, 1(2): 59–65. Pro Abortion is termination of pregnancy before its maturity. Pro-choice advocates for women right to decide whether to abort or not, whereas prolife advocate for no abortion. However, both support termination of pregnancy for medical reasons.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Pro-life and Pro-choice Sides of Abortion specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Pro-choice are of the opinion that a child should start enjoying human rights after birth. Their view is that when the unborn is in the mother’s womb, then the mother should have the right to decide whether to keep the pregnancy or not (Mangel, 1988). This paper discusses the two sides of pro-life and pro-choice. Thesis Life is precious; it is every person’s reasonability to ensure it is protected. When a man and woman make love and conceive, a life is created in the body of the mother. There are two abortions that can happen, natural abortions; which is a medical condition and intentional termination of pregnancy by a mother. Intentional termination is not because of any danger but on feeling by the pregnant woman that she wants to terminate the pregnancy. Killing is illegal. After conception, the mother carries a life. She can learn this through movements, unrests in the stomach and wastes from the foetus. After conception, a woman carries a living human being who is entitled to human rights as if living on the physical world. The mother is an agent to carry another life. Sometimes abortion can take place; this is when the life of the mother is at danger because of the pregnancy otherwise, termination of pregnancy is illegal (Sedgh, Henshaw, Singh, Bankole Drescher, 2007). In case of rape, there have been debates whether abortion should be allowed. The debate follows the same principle of life, that is life is precious should be respected. The child formed because of rape is innocent. It should enjoy human rights since it is not responsible of the actions that led to its formation. Prolife are of the view that using morning pills and contraceptives’ is a method of aborting since they aim at flashing some conceptions that have taken place after an intercourse. When women are given the right to terminate a pregnancy, they are likely to misuse these rights thus; the right should not be given. A Country’s constitution is supposed to protect life, after conception, although the life formed cannot be seen by naked eyes, it can be proved existing. During pregnancy, by the time a foetus is in the third week, the heart starts beating. By the end of the first trimester, the foetus has developed arms, legs among other physical features of a human being. The child is still unborn but when scanned, it has human features.Advertising Looking for research paper on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The only difference that the child has with human beings is that it is not yet born; otherwise, it is a human being. It thus has rights to enjoy human rights. One such right is the right to life. Supporters of abortion are of the opinion that a foetus is a tissue in the body of the mother that can be removed if unwanted; they fail to understand that human body is made of tissues just like the one in the foetus. Different parts of the world have different religions. One of the most dominant and common feature in all religions is respect for life. In Christianity and Muslimism, which are the most dominant religions in the world, they believe that God has the power to oversee life. They are of the opinion that God is the sole giver of life and is the only one who have power to terminate it when he want. The biological believe that life starts at conception should thus be respected as it goes in line with the teachings of the two religions. Abortion whether the pregnancy resulted from rape or whether is its unwanted should n ot be allowed. Medical conditions are an exemption. Antithesis The reason behind illegalising of abortion is that human life starts at conception. However, embryo or foetus is not a person thus human life does not start at conception. Characterises that can define a human being lack in a foetus and thus arguing that a foetus is a person is wrong. A woman has the right of control over her health including deciding whether to keep a pregnancy or terminating it. It is only logical to respect the rights of the person who can be seen and not bother with the unseen person. The unseen baby should not be given the right to life since he has not been born. The child has not lived; only exists in someone and no two lives can live in one or no two rights of the same nature that should be accorded to the same person. The mother should be given the right to terminate a pregnancy not only on medical grounds but also as matter of choice. The aborting mother and the doctor assisting in the abortion should be protected by a country’s constitution. Another augment is that the enjoyment of a person’s rights should be to the extent that he does not limit someone else from enjoying his/hers. When a mother does not need a child, then saying that the child should stay because it has rights limits the enjoyment of mother rights thus termination should be allowed at the discretion of the mother.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Pro-life and Pro-choice Sides of Abortion specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Contraceptives and morning pills should not be seen as a method of aborting but should be interpolated as pregnancy prevention methods. With this believe, if a mother feels the need to avoid formation of a foetus, then she should be given the right to do so. The unborn baby is, as a tissue in a woman, which the body can function without thus terminating the pregnancy, is not killing; it is removing a tissue that is not wanted from the body. For a person to enjoy human rights, he should have developed a certain personality that can be hurt by violation of his rights. An unborn child has neither feelings nor personality and thus arguing that the child should enjoy human right is not correct. Cases of rape have resulted in heated debates. Supporters of abortion are of the opinion that the pregnancy came about not as a will of the mother but a misfortune. They argue that if the mother delivers such a child, she is likely to hate the child as it will remind her of the act, thus, such a pregnancy should be terminated. Supporters of life argue that the child should not be punished because of mistakes done by other people. The child is innocent thus should not be aborted (Wolf, 1997). Synthesis Life is precious should be protected. Biologically, life starts when an egg meets sperms. This is the perception that pro-life have. The truth is that there is a change that occurs in a womanâ €™s body which if nurtured leads to life. However, the main augment is whether at this point the life in the woman should enjoy human rights. Pro-choice argues that life and personhood are two different things. According to them for a person to enjoy human rights, he must have feelings and personhood, which lacks in the case of a foetus (OBrien, 2005). Personality of the person can only be realized after birth, thus the embryo should not be recognized as a human being before birth. Pro-life counter this argument by arguing that when a pregnancy is terminated, there is life destroyed which has its own personality only that it is not living in the physical world. They argue that an unborn have feeling, they become angry and are affected by the mothers external environment. They illustrate this by giving the example that if a mother is angry or restless; the child kicks in the womb. This is an indication that it is affected by the feeling that the mother is having. What should be p rotected is not the personality of the baby but the life that is holy. This seems to hold more weight. Another aspect that the pro-choice argues, this is the fact that the unborn has no enough size, ability to feel pain, viability, self-awareness, and thus cannot be granted the right of personhood. Pro-life sees this argument from a different angle that human life is precious whether it is the life of unborn or born. They have equal rights, which should be respected (Fergusson, Boden Horwood, 2007).Advertising Looking for research paper on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A foetus is the initial stage of life; no person could be living in this world if he did not undergo through the foetus stage. Thus, foetus is life at the earliest stage it should thus be respected. Life is a continuous stage where human beings learn different things as they develop thus a foetus is in a silent learning stage that takes place in a mother. It should not be aborted as this will be aborting a life. A foetus cannot fight for its rights, since he is in the unseen world. However, its existence is holy it should be respected. Prolife and pro-choice come into an agreement that if the life of the mother is in danger, then abortion should be allowed. It should though be the last resort and conducted by an experienced medical officer. In these cases, the doctor and the mother are protected by constitution of a country as well as international medical practicing ethics laws. After a medical abortion, the mother should undergo psychological counselling to overcome abortion traum as (Avalos, 2003). The decision to terminate a pregnancy should only be made by medical practitioner to save the life of the mother. Conclusion In the battle for or against abortion, no single side wins; they both have concrete arguments. The pro-life have believed that life starts at conception whereas pro-choice believe that life starts at birth. One thing that gives the pro-life an upper hand is the psychological stress that a woman who has aborted has whether it is medical or intentionally abortion. Both pro-life and pro-choice agree that for medical purposes, abortion should take place. References Avalos, L. (1999). Hindsight and the abortion experience: what abortion means to women years later. Gender Issues, 17(2), 35-57. Retrieved from http://ehis.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=6hid=6sid=1fb36a06-a20d-4dbf-b039-d0b2660cd9e1%40sessionmgr112 Fergusson, D., Boden, J., Horwood, L. (2007). Abortion among young women and subsequent life outcomes. Perspectives on Sexu al Reproductive Health, 39(1), 6-12. Retrieved from http://ehis.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=6hid=116sid=0a3e9112-512e-463e-bc24-e997aceed4ed%40sessionmgr114bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=mnhAN=17355376. OBrien, D. (2005). No to Abortion: Posture, Not Policy. America, 192(19), 7. Retrieved from http://ehis.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=6hid=4sid=ca28aea0-714a-4085-8dfa 14534bca678c%40sessionmgr15bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=f5hAN=17123677. Mangel, C. (1988). Legal abortion: the impending obsolescence of the trimester framework. American Journal Of Law Medicine, 14(1), 69-108. Retrieved from http://ehis.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=4hid=4sid=6d34a16e-8933-4459-b43a a93acf2b0bbc%40sessionmgr12bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=mnhAN=3068986. Sedgh, G., Henshaw, S., Singh, S., Bankole, A., Drescher, J. (2007). Legal abortion worldwide: incidence and recent trends. International Family Planning Perspectives, 33(3), 106-116. Retrieved from http://ehis.ebscohost .com/ehost/detail?vid=3hid=4sid=d3f03cba-00a8-4861-9fa3-b21da3c1d158%40sessionmgr11bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=mnhAN=18093038. Wolf, N. (1997). Pro-choice and pro-life. Human Life Review, 23(3), 60. Retrieved from http://ehis.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=4hid=116sid=1df48f84-edc0-43f1-8dd4-6a9345209724%40sessionmgr11bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=f5hAN=9709301738

How Many SAT Subject Tests Should I Take

How Many SAT Subject Tests Should I Take SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Decisions, decisions! Not only do you have to make up your mind about which Subject Tests to take, you also have to decide how many Subject Tests to take. In this guide we'll look at the most important considerations when signing up for Subject Tests so you can be confident about your choice. How Many SAT Subject Tests Should You Take? This isn't as simple a question to answer as you may think; there are actually multiple factors to take into consideration. To make it easy for you, we'll go over all the key questions you should ask yourself. #1: What Do the Colleges You're Applying to Require? The most important factor in answering this question is the requirement of your colleges.Schools require zero, one, two, or three Subject Tests. The most selective schools usually require two Subject Tests. Georgetown is one exception that comes to mind - they want to see three. Click here to learn more about SAT Subject Test Scores for the Ivy League and other selective schools. If a college asks for two, you probably shouldn't send along more than two. If you do take more than is required, the college should look at your highest scores. It will also consider your highest score if you sit for the same test more than once, but it might appear less strong to admissions officers if they see you took several tries to achieve a certain score. Besides its required number of Subject Tests, you also need to know if the colleges you're applying to have any specific requirements or expectations for which ones you take. Subject Tests requirements might differ by academic program. An engineering program, for example, probably wants to see math and science. Technical schools like MIT and CalTech require one math and one science Subject Test to apply. Check out our comprehensive list of all the colleges that require, recommend, or consider the SAT Subject Tests here. Remember, when a college "recommends," but does not require the tests, it's still a good idea to take them! It shows that you're putting forth extra effort and challenging yourself, along with demonstrating your academic strengths. Plus many colleges appreciate Subject Tests as a somewhat objective measure of your learning. While high school classes and grading systems vary across the country, the SAT and SAT Subject Tests are a nationally accepted standard meant to test students' academic knowledge on a level playing field. Once you're confident about the requirements of your colleges, you can reflect on your strengths and interests. #2: Which Subjects Do You Know Well? Are you intrigued by the process through which plants turn sunlight into food? Do you love learning about population flows within an ecosystem? Are word problems fun head-scratchers, or would you rather be reading Jane Austen and Mark Twain? By the way, if you answered "yes" to any of the above, my Subject Test recommendations would be Biological Molecular, Biology Ecological, Math, and Literature, respectively! Reflect on what you know, what you like, and in what subject areas you can perform well. Subject Tests are your opportunity to show that you've studied and gained significant knowledge in a particular area. Choose wisely so that you not only get a high score to add to your application, but you also add another dimension to the story of who you are and what you like. For more on this, check out our expert guide: Which Subject Tests Should You Take? If you feel you excel in several subjects, you may want to take three tests in one day (the maximum, unless there are Listening tests involved). Then, time permitting, you can choose your highest scores and send them along to your colleges. However, you don't want to give yourself unnecessary stress or waste time studying for a test you don't need. When Harvard says they want two tests, they want two - not four! To learn what makes a good score for each Subject Test, check out the full breakdown here. Another important consideration in choosing and preparing for the Subject Tests is how much time you can realistically devote to studying. No need to over-commit! #3: How Much Time Do You Have to Prep? As I mentioned above, there's no need to over-commit yourself and exceed requirements. Admissions officers are busy looking at thousands of applications. They want to see the number they require or recommend: no more, no less. Since you can take up to three in one day, you may feel that taking three will benefit you. If that's the case, make sure you have a thoughtful study plan in place. You wouldn't want your prep time to take away from studying for the general SAT, AP exams, or finals. At the same time, sometimes Subject Test and AP prep so closely align that you can kill two birds with one stone. Speaking of all these other tests you have to take, when should you fit in the Subject Tests, anyway? Click here for tips and strategies for choosing your SAT Subject Test dates for 2015 and 2016 and planning an effective study schedule. To Sum Up... Just how many SAT Subject Tests do you need to take? Most selective schools require two Subject Tests, but check with your school of interest to make sure and find out about any special instructions. Some schools have specific tests in mind, others want to see a range of subjects, and others differ depending on the program to which you're applying. While you may feel like no Subject Test requirement means you're off the hook, your school might still recommend them. For all intents and purposes, let's just interpret "recommends" as "requires." Unless you have a really good reason or the tests present a financial barrier*, you should still abide by your school's "recommendation" and send along your scores. *If finances make it difficult for you to take the tests, speak with admissions officers and investigate whether you qualify for an SAT fee waiver. What's Next? All the Subjects Tests are one hour in length, but the number and type of questions you have to answer in that hour vary by test. For a breakdown of exactly "how long" each test really is, check out this article here. For more on the differences between the tests,find answers to all your questions about "What are the SAT Subject Tests?" here. Do you know yet if you're taking the SAT or the ACT? This article offers a full technical breakdown of the differences between the two tests so you can figure out which one is best for you and your college applications. Need a little extra help prepping for your Subject Tests? We have the industry's leading SAT Subject Test prep programs (for all non-language Subject Tests). Built by Harvard grads and SAT Subject Test full or 99th %ile scorers, the program learns your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics, then customizes your prep program to you so that you get the most effective prep possible. Learn more about our Subject Test products below:

A increase in income tax Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

A increase in income tax - Essay Example As explained above if consumers cut back, the suppliers will reduce production while laying off workers, and then consumers will have even less money to spend in which case the cycle will repeat and thus begins a recession/depression like sequence. Consumers lose the most from this in the long term as explained, purchasing power will continue to drop and some workers will eventually lose their jobs which can send more shockwaves through the economy. Example: In the housing bust, consumers lost their jobs in the recession and were not able to pay for mortgages, thus defaulting. Banks then reduced their lending and consumers continued to reduce spending. Due to this suppliers had to cut their supply and more workers had to be made redundant. This cycle continued and spread throughout not only the United States but the world as banks defaulted on their debt. 3) If the government is attempting to increase government revenue an alternative is to decrease the tax rate to a maximized level where businesses and consumers would want to spend more and thus cause more revenue in the long term and the government would be receiving more revenue than at the previous tax rate. 4) A tax rate increase definitely affects the GDP and GNP due to the loss in production the aforementioned cycles would create. In the short run the tax increase doesn’t affect the GDP and GNP but in the long term Consumers would spend less and thus suppliers would produce less and lay off workers, and consumers would spend even less creating a vicious cycle that causes a

Organic Chemistry Testing Markovnikov's Rule Lab Report

Organic Chemistry Testing Markovnikov's Rule - Lab Report Example This is practically true considering a case in which an alkene is meant to react with water in the addition reaction with alcohol that involves the carbocations formation as the ultimate result. Arguably, the group of hydroxyl (OH) combines with the atom of carbon with the highest amount of carbon-carbon bonds, with the hydrogen bonding to the carbon possessing on high carbon-hydrogen bonds. Certainly, it is apparent that for Markovnikov Rule, the chemical basis is the establishment of a carbocation often considered most stable during the process of addition. As widely cited, the hydrogen ion addition to a unit atom of carbon within the alkene establishes a charge that is positive on another carbon forming an intermediate carbocation (Lehman 7). With increasing substitution of the carbocation, the bonds to carbon or substituent to electron donating increases, as well making it an intermediate, which is somewhat stable given the hyper conjugation and induction. What this means is that the component of the reaction of addition is a product that is made from an intermediate considered most stable. In this case, one key product of HX addition to an alkene contains an atom of hydrogen in a position of minimal substitution whereas X is in a position that can easily be substituted. The less stable, less substituted carbocation will eventually be established to a certain degree and will end up establishing a product that is minor with the X attachment on the opposite side. With a view to test the practicality of Markovnikov’s Rule, this experimental was set up with a focus on Markovnikov’s Rule A solution containing 0.80mmol of iodine was prepared in 1.0mL of THF in a vial dram. 4.00mmol of 1-hexene was charged into a 10ml round-bottom flask, a 4.0 mL of THF was added, and a stir bar used to stir and dissolve the mixture. 1.6mmol of

Hydrochloric acid Essay Example for Free

Hydrochloric acid Essay In this investigation I am going to see how temperature affects the rate of reaction. To do this I will change the temperature at which a reaction between Sodium Thiosulphate and Hydrochloric acid is conducted. Here is a chemical equation for this reaction: Hydrochloric acid +Sodium Thiosulphatei Sodium chloride + sulphur dioxide + sulphur + water. 2HCl(aq) + Na2S2O3(aq) i 2NaCl(aq) + SO2(g) + S(s) + H2O(l). The precipitate of sulphur is what causes the solution to go cloudy. I will mix the reactants in a flask and then place the flask on a piece of paper with a black X drawn on it. I will time how long it takes for the X to disappear totally. This is how I will measure the rate of the reaction. I plan to take twelve readings, using twelve different temperatures. The range I will use will between 10 and 50 degrees. This is because under 10i and the reaction takes too long and over 50i the reaction is too quick and so reaction time plays a major part in the result and the percentage error will be greater. To carry out the investigation my dependant variable will be the temperature of the reactants as this is the one I will change. My independent variable will be the time taken for the X to disappear and this is the one I will measure. There are many other variables that will affect the reaction and therefore I will have to keep these variables constant to ensure a fair test and therefore reliable results. Firstly I will have to make sure the volume of the flask is kept constant as if the volume increases, the solution will be shallower and so the X will disappear more slowly. Also I will have to keep the volume of the solution the same as if there is a larger volume of solution; the X will disappear more quickly. The concentrations of the two reactants will also have to be kept constant. This is because if the concentration of a solution is increased, then there are more particles in the same volume of the solution and therefore there will be more collisions between particles and the rate of reaction will increase. I predict that as the temperature of the reaction increases, the rate of reaction will increase and therefore the X will disappear more quickly. I think this because, as you increase the temperature, the particles have more energy. This makes them move faster. Therefore more collisions occur between the particles and so the rate of reaction increases. Also, since the particles have more energy when they collide, the activation energy (minimum energy needed for particles to react when they collide) is more likely to be reached and therefore the particles are more likely to react when they collide. This also increases the rate of reaction. (see diagram below). I predict that the 10i C rule will apply to this reaction. This is the theory that, if you decrease the temperature of the reaction by 10i C the rate of reaction will approximately half. Therefore the time for the X to disappear will double. If this theory is true, this is the table of results and graph I expect to get. Temperature Time Rate 50i C 10s 0. 1 40i C 20s 0. 05 30i C 40s 0. 025 20i C 80s 0. 0125 10i C 160s 0. 00625 To investigate this theory I will plan to collect reliable evidence safely. I will make sure the experiment is safe by wearing safety glasses and wiping up any spillages of solutions. I will make the experiment fair by keeping the control variables mentioned before, the same. To keep the size of flask the same I will make sure I use the same flask for each reading, washing it out after every experiment. I will keep the concentrations of the reactants the same by using the same source of the solutions. I will keep the volume of solution the same by using the smallest measuring cylinder possible and making sure I avoid parallax error while measuring the solutions out. I will make sure to use 50cmi of Sodium Thiosulphate and 5cmi of Hydrochloric acid for all my tests. I will use 0. 1M Sodium Thiosulphate and 0. 5M Hydrochloric acid. I will also use two different thermometers to measure the temperature of the two different solutions. I will use a 100ml conical flask for the entire experiment. Here is an apparatus diagram of what I will use: This is how I will carry out the experiment Firstly I will measure out 50cmi of Sodium Thiosulphate in one measuring cylinder, and 5cmi of Hydrochloric acid in the other.   I will then draw a black X on a piece of paper, making sure it is smaller then the bottom of the flask I will place the Sodium Thiosulphate in the flask and the Hydrochloric acid in a boiling tube.